{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2032739296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2014.2358857","title":"Toward Unsupervised Protocol Feature Word Extraction","display_name":"Toward Unsupervised Protocol Feature Word Extraction","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-09-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2032739296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2014.2358857","mag":"2032739296"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2014.2358857","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2014.2358857","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100429700","display_name":"Zhuo Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0515-6288"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuo Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Inst. of Comput. Technol., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Comput. Technol., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100370021","display_name":"Zhibin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2090-7999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhibin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Inst. of Comput. Technol., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Comput. Technol., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012129385","display_name":"Patrick P. C. Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4501-4364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick P. C. Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","Chinese Univ. of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Univ. of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101690888","display_name":"Yunjie Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9312-7523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunjie Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Inst. of Comput. Technol., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Comput. Technol., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030689390","display_name":"Gaogang Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4964-1135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaogang Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Inst. of Comput. Technol., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Comput. Technol., Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3961,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94443493,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"10","first_page":"1894","last_page":"1906"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8694139122962952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.568671703338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payload","display_name":"Payload (computing)","score":0.5635848641395569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/n-gram","display_name":"n-gram","score":0.5586249232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5107598304748535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.506618857383728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.5052588582038879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.4953857660293579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.47334957122802734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.46457111835479736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byte","display_name":"Byte","score":0.4480845034122467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.3884592056274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3483606278896332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.2035287320613861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.1135953962802887}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8694139122962952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.568671703338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134066672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424639","display_name":"Payload (computing)","level":3,"score":0.5635848641395569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117884012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94489","display_name":"n-gram","level":3,"score":0.5586249232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5107598304748535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.506618857383728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5052588582038879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.4953857660293579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.47334957122802734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.46457111835479736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43364308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8799","display_name":"Byte","level":2,"score":0.4480845034122467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.3884592056274414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3483606278896332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.2035287320613861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.1135953962802887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2014.2358857","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2014.2358857","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.666.3174","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.666.3174","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://fi.ict.ac.cn/uploads/PublicationsAmpTalks/2014_Toward+Unsupervised+Protocol+Feature+Word+Extraction-final+submit.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5012808674","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61202411","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8302626437","display_name":"\u540eIP\u7f51\u7edc\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\u53ca\u5176\u673a\u7406\u63a2\u7d22","funder_award_id":"61133015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G93392801","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2012CB315801","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W38765094","https://openalex.org/W139562302","https://openalex.org/W191098608","https://openalex.org/W938539187","https://openalex.org/W1489788933","https://openalex.org/W1504161274","https://openalex.org/W1526685788","https://openalex.org/W1538375546","https://openalex.org/W1583098994","https://openalex.org/W1918274310","https://openalex.org/W1964267679","https://openalex.org/W1976242982","https://openalex.org/W1990061958","https://openalex.org/W2001056218","https://openalex.org/W2012095206","https://openalex.org/W2019774807","https://openalex.org/W2056325176","https://openalex.org/W2069980026","https://openalex.org/W2083254762","https://openalex.org/W2107559681","https://openalex.org/W2110890874","https://openalex.org/W2113766921","https://openalex.org/W2120948237","https://openalex.org/W2133473417","https://openalex.org/W2134557008","https://openalex.org/W2137432096","https://openalex.org/W2137831706","https://openalex.org/W2140190241","https://openalex.org/W2140542782","https://openalex.org/W2148346742","https://openalex.org/W2149600645","https://openalex.org/W2150779517","https://openalex.org/W2152063140","https://openalex.org/W2159715570","https://openalex.org/W4213009331","https://openalex.org/W4240896209","https://openalex.org/W6601496405","https://openalex.org/W6607784307","https://openalex.org/W6629246498","https://openalex.org/W6632460521","https://openalex.org/W6634779276","https://openalex.org/W6640164566","https://openalex.org/W6680261719"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1535080110","https://openalex.org/W306312984","https://openalex.org/W857189463","https://openalex.org/W2979675132","https://openalex.org/W2790520092","https://openalex.org/W1574986946","https://openalex.org/W2122429665","https://openalex.org/W2092384028","https://openalex.org/W3015337097","https://openalex.org/W1981136633"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Protocol":[0],"feature":[1,43,101,161,185,207],"words":[2,44,102,133,176,208],"are":[3,77],"byte":[4],"subsequences":[5],"within":[6],"traffic":[7,47,104,198],"payload":[8,66,87,130],"that":[9,98,127,155,166,202],"can":[10,168],"distinguish":[11],"application":[12],"protocols,":[13],"and":[14,32,39,138,146,177,190,211],"they":[15],"form":[16],"the":[17,81,86,121,174,179],"building":[18],"blocks":[19],"of":[20,23,85,159],"many":[21],"constructions":[22],"deep":[24],"packet":[25],"analysis":[26],"rules":[27],"in":[28,79],"network":[29,46],"management,":[30],"measurement,":[31],"security":[33],"systems.":[34],"However,":[35],"how":[36],"to":[37,72,135],"systematically":[38],"efficiently":[40],"extract":[41],"protocol":[42,100,184,206],"from":[45,103],"remains":[48],"a":[49,74,152],"challenging":[50],"issue.":[51],"Existing":[52],"approaches":[53,193],"like":[54],"those":[55],"based":[56,119],"on":[57,108,120,173,196],"n-gram":[58,145],"or":[59,70],"Common":[60],"String":[61],"(CS),":[62],"which":[63],"simply":[64],"breaks":[65],"into":[67,131],"equal-length":[68],"pieces":[69],"attempts":[71],"find":[73],"frequent":[75],"itemset,":[76],"ineffective":[78],"capturing":[80],"hidden":[82],"statistical":[83],"structure":[84,172],"content.":[88],"In":[89],"this":[90],"paper,":[91],"we":[92,113,128,150,167],"propose":[93,114,151],"ProWord,":[94],"an":[95,115,170],"unsupervised":[96,116],"approach":[97],"extracts":[99],"traces.":[105,199],"ProWord":[106,189,203],"builds":[107],"two":[109],"nontrivial":[110],"algorithms.":[111],"First,":[112],"segmentation":[117,142],"algorithm":[118,154],"modified":[122],"Voting":[123],"Experts":[124],"algorithm,":[125],"such":[126,165],"break":[129],"candidate":[132,175],"according":[134],"entropy":[136],"information":[137],"provide":[139],"more":[140,209],"accurate":[141],"than":[143],"existing":[144,191],"CS":[147],"approaches.":[148],"Second,":[149],"ranking":[153],"incorporates":[156],"different":[157],"types":[158],"well-known":[160],"word":[162],"retrieval":[163],"heuristics,":[164],"build":[169],"ordered":[171],"select":[178],"highest":[180],"ranked":[181],"ones":[182],"as":[183],"words.":[186],"We":[187,200],"compare":[188],"prior":[192],"via":[194],"evaluation":[195],"real-world":[197],"show":[201],"captures":[204],"true":[205],"accurately":[210],"performs":[212],"significantly":[213],"faster.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
