{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2067889717","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2014.2358856","title":"TFA: A Tunable Finite Automaton for Pattern Matching in Network Intrusion Detection Systems","display_name":"TFA: A Tunable Finite Automaton for Pattern Matching in Network Intrusion Detection Systems","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2067889717","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2014.2358856","mag":"2067889717"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2014.2358856","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2014.2358856","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014490044","display_name":"Yang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0958-8547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90965887","display_name":"SUNY Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/000fxgx19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90965887"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA","[Polytech. Sch. of Eng., New York Univ., New York, NY, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90965887","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Polytech. Sch. of Eng., New York Univ., New York, NY, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103258769","display_name":"Junchen Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6877-1683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junchen Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024324478","display_name":"Rihua Wei","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rihua Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tensorcom Inc., Carlsbad, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tensorcom Inc., Carlsbad, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041567418","display_name":"Yang Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1283-1672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071272821","display_name":"H. Jonathan Chao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3554-0272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90965887","display_name":"SUNY Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/000fxgx19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90965887"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Jonathan Chao","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA","[Polytech. Sch. of Eng., New York Univ., New York, NY, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90965887","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Polytech. Sch. of Eng., New York Univ., New York, NY, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014490044"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974","https://openalex.org/I90965887"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8389,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85497605,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"10","first_page":"1810","last_page":"1821"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.787858247756958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deterministic-finite-automaton","display_name":"Deterministic finite automaton","score":0.7369328737258911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regular-expression","display_name":"Regular expression","score":0.7269188761711121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nondeterministic-finite-automaton","display_name":"Nondeterministic finite automaton","score":0.6418863534927368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nondeterministic-algorithm","display_name":"Nondeterministic algorithm","score":0.6177824139595032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-state-machine","display_name":"Finite-state machine","score":0.6091023683547974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.5430365204811096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.5333818197250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.4986860752105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automaton","display_name":"Automaton","score":0.4959047734737396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.49015602469444275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dfa-minimization","display_name":"DFA minimization","score":0.4898233115673065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deterministic-automaton","display_name":"Deterministic automaton","score":0.4897184669971466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timed-automaton","display_name":"Timed automaton","score":0.4530361592769623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3384259343147278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14435699582099915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automata-theory","display_name":"Automata theory","score":0.13238459825515747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.09306693077087402}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.787858247756958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104091681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837528","display_name":"Deterministic finite automaton","level":3,"score":0.7369328737258911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121329065","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185612","display_name":"Regular expression","level":2,"score":0.7269188761711121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158008952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q617295","display_name":"Nondeterministic finite automaton","level":4,"score":0.6418863534927368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176181172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3490301","display_name":"Nondeterministic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.6177824139595032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167822520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176452","display_name":"Finite-state machine","level":2,"score":0.6091023683547974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5430365204811096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.5333818197250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4986860752105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112505250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787116","display_name":"Automaton","level":2,"score":0.4959047734737396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.49015602469444275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65753522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5204896","display_name":"DFA minimization","level":5,"score":0.4898233115673065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194525867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5265707","display_name":"Deterministic automaton","level":3,"score":0.4897184669971466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30788636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7805517","display_name":"Timed automaton","level":3,"score":0.4530361592769623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3384259343147278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14435699582099915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116248031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214526","display_name":"Automata theory","level":3,"score":0.13238459825515747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.09306693077087402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jsac.2014.2358856","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2014.2358856","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90422530","display_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","issn_l":"0733-8716","issn":["0733-8716","1558-0008"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W124244495","https://openalex.org/W1996970306","https://openalex.org/W2006508099","https://openalex.org/W2014849734","https://openalex.org/W2030102079","https://openalex.org/W2096474000","https://openalex.org/W2099964107","https://openalex.org/W2108962885","https://openalex.org/W2113422425","https://openalex.org/W2113425091","https://openalex.org/W2115419634","https://openalex.org/W2119423764","https://openalex.org/W2121847343","https://openalex.org/W2131757333","https://openalex.org/W2134684274","https://openalex.org/W2139418336","https://openalex.org/W2153244370","https://openalex.org/W2158900125","https://openalex.org/W2912601938","https://openalex.org/W4240018668","https://openalex.org/W4253103663","https://openalex.org/W6674967098","https://openalex.org/W6676742638"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3143588635","https://openalex.org/W2160879187","https://openalex.org/W2115419634","https://openalex.org/W1560450186","https://openalex.org/W2083002627","https://openalex.org/W3146038687","https://openalex.org/W1644613146","https://openalex.org/W1606484542","https://openalex.org/W2364615116","https://openalex.org/W2366117819"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deterministic":[0],"finite":[1,6,80],"automatons":[2,7,12],"(DFAs)":[3],"and":[4,32,39,60,91,178,190,211,223],"nondeterministic":[5],"(NFAs)":[8],"are":[9,52],"two":[10,196],"typical":[11],"used":[13],"in":[14,206,218,227],"the":[15,46,86,92,115,122,126,136,146,164,167,171,174,207,219],"network":[16],"intrusion":[17],"detection":[18],"system.":[19],"Although":[20],"they":[21,27],"both":[22],"perform":[23],"regular":[24,76,184],"expression":[25,185],"matching,":[26],"have":[28],"quite":[29],"different":[30],"performance":[31,42,57,95],"memory":[33,212,228],"usage":[34],"properties.":[35],"DFAs":[36],"provide":[37],"fast":[38],"deterministic":[40],"matching":[41,56,127],"but":[43,54],"suffer":[44],"from":[45,98,139,188],"well-known":[47],"state":[48,88],"explosion":[49,89],"problem.":[50,96],"NFAs":[51],"compact,":[53],"their":[55],"is":[58,129,152],"unpredictable":[59,94],"with":[61,85,194],"no":[62],"worst":[63],"case":[64],"guarantee.":[65],"In":[66],"this":[67],"paper,":[68],"we":[69],"propose":[70],"a":[71,99,107,142,155,200,215,224],"new":[72],"automaton":[73,81],"representation":[74],"of":[75,118,148,166,173,209,221],"expressions,":[77],"called":[78],"tunable":[79],"(TFA),":[82],"to":[83,124,170],"deal":[84],"DFAs'":[87],"problem":[90],"NFAs'":[93],"Different":[97,138],"DFA,":[100],"which":[101],"has":[102],"only":[103,195],"one":[104],"active":[105,112,150,198],"state,":[106],"TFA":[108,123,143,168,201],"allows":[109],"multiple":[110],"concurrent":[111,149,197],"states.":[113],"Thus,":[114],"total":[116],"number":[117,147,208,220],"states":[119,151,210,222],"required":[120,134],"by":[121,135,154],"track":[125],"status":[128],"much":[130],"smaller":[131],"than":[132],"that":[133,145,159],"DFA.":[137],"an":[140],"NFA,":[141],"guarantees":[144],"bounded":[153],"bound":[156],"factor":[157],"b":[158],"can":[160,202],"be":[161],"tuned":[162],"during":[163],"construction":[165],"according":[169],"needs":[172],"application":[175],"for":[176],"speed":[177],"storage.":[179],"Simulation":[180],"results":[181],"based":[182],"on":[183],"rule":[186],"sets":[187],"Snort":[189],"Bro":[191],"show":[192],"that,":[193],"states,":[199],"achieve":[203],"significant":[204],"reductions":[205],"usage,":[213],"e.g.,":[214],"98%":[216],"reduction":[217,226],"95%":[225],"space.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
