{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399146391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2024.3403898","title":"Fairness and Bias in Robot Learning","display_name":"Fairness and Bias in Robot Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399146391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2024.3403898"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2024.3403898","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2024.3403898","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004356255","display_name":"Laura Londo\u00f1o","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9012-2697"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","display_name":"University of Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/0245cg223","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Londo\u00f1o","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026026712","display_name":"Juana Valeria Hurtado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7878-4269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","display_name":"University of Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/0245cg223","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juana Valeria Hurtado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035973604","display_name":"Nora Hertz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7506-1236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","display_name":"University of Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/0245cg223","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nora Hertz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of International Law and Ethics of Law, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7506-1236","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of International Law and Ethics of Law, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017891550","display_name":"Philipp Kellmeyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5538-373X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177802217","display_name":"University of Mannheim","ror":"https://ror.org/031bsb921","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801240073","display_name":"University Medical Center Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03vzbgh69","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801240073"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philipp Kellmeyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Business Informatics and Mathematics, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany","Department for Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5538-373X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business Informatics and Mathematics, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Neurosurgery, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801240073"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043371550","display_name":"Silja V\u00f6eneky","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","display_name":"University of Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/0245cg223","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silja Voeneky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of International Law and Ethics of Law, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of International Law and Ethics of Law, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039639553","display_name":"Abhinav Valada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4710-3114"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","display_name":"University of Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/0245cg223","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhinav Valada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4710-3114","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0174,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94250458,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"112","issue":"4","first_page":"305","last_page":"330"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9609000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.5306467413902283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4872116446495056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46281397342681885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4454456567764282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.41242754459381104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.35980933904647827}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.5306467413902283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4872116446495056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46281397342681885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4454456567764282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.41242754459381104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.35980933904647827}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2024.3403898","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2024.3403898","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":245,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506540549","https://openalex.org/W1536928445","https://openalex.org/W1579708909","https://openalex.org/W1587455066","https://openalex.org/W1638773224","https://openalex.org/W1725415005","https://openalex.org/W1819662813","https://openalex.org/W1950888772","https://openalex.org/W1961345416","https://openalex.org/W1969004079","https://openalex.org/W1987663912","https://openalex.org/W1989763554","https://openalex.org/W1994484367","https://openalex.org/W2002509673","https://openalex.org/W2006447892","https://openalex.org/W2009260120","https://openalex.org/W2014352947","https://openalex.org/W2025459463","https://openalex.org/W2032160998","https://openalex.org/W2042846337","https://openalex.org/W2045134164","https://openalex.org/W2050835671","https://openalex.org/W2060981264","https://openalex.org/W2061842957","https://openalex.org/W2062723458","https://openalex.org/W2069031845","https://openalex.org/W2076801135","https://openalex.org/W2098925620","https://openalex.org/W2106373505","https://openalex.org/W2108501562","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2116984840","https://openalex.org/W2130171359","https://openalex.org/W2140440113","https://openalex.org/W2147427185","https://openalex.org/W2161584202","https://openalex.org/W2167448849","https://openalex.org/W2185017442","https://openalex.org/W2303951397","https://openalex.org/W2482306846","https://openalex.org/W2488038196","https://openalex.org/W2488581454","https://openalex.org/W2493343568","https://openalex.org/W2520098839","https://openalex.org/W2522332879","https://openalex.org/W2533230769","https://openalex.org/W2539619597","https://openalex.org/W2563852449","https://openalex.org/W2567065076","https://openalex.org/W2575653999","https://openalex.org/W2597726517","https://openalex.org/W2600126995","https://openalex.org/W2607757716","https://openalex.org/W2613532647","https://openalex.org/W2618694529","https://openalex.org/W2626039843","https://openalex.org/W2727431395","https://openalex.org/W2739010974","https://openalex.org/W2753845591","https://openalex.org/W2785011159","https://openalex.org/W2810522772","https://openalex.org/W2810716590","https://openalex.org/W2885414621","https://openalex.org/W2888161220","https://openalex.org/W2891523786","https://openalex.org/W2893425640","https://openalex.org/W2895913610","https://openalex.org/W2897042519","https://openalex.org/W2897178686","https://openalex.org/W2907279171","https://openalex.org/W2910105146","https://openalex.org/W2912701897","https://openalex.org/W2913163749","https://openalex.org/W2913868386","https://openalex.org/W2915268314","https://openalex.org/W2920034930","https://openalex.org/W2921316625","https://openalex.org/W2927819804","https://openalex.org/W2931443827","https://openalex.org/W2937229771","https://openalex.org/W2939861854","https://openalex.org/W2945169717","https://openalex.org/W2950145857","https://openalex.org/W2951576127","https://openalex.org/W2952267586","https://openalex.org/W2957679339","https://openalex.org/W2963116854","https://openalex.org/W2963524705","https://openalex.org/W2963798744","https://openalex.org/W2964023221","https://openalex.org/W2964031043","https://openalex.org/W2965016520","https://openalex.org/W2967877328","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W2982351556","https://openalex.org/W2989179705","https://openalex.org/W2990274073","https://openalex.org/W2990751682","https://openalex.org/W2992233710","https://openalex.org/W2994228875","https://openalex.org/W2994898777","https://openalex.org/W2999589019","https://openalex.org/W3004542466","https://openalex.org/W3011939999","https://openalex.org/W3013937328","https://openalex.org/W3014311254","https://openalex.org/W3016211568","https://openalex.org/W3021375244","https://openalex.org/W3027353834","https://openalex.org/W3029881688","https://openalex.org/W3035447285","https://openalex.org/W3080176341","https://openalex.org/W3081178601","https://openalex.org/W3087065520","https://openalex.org/W3089491181","https://openalex.org/W3089935969","https://openalex.org/W3092225813","https://openalex.org/W3092923622","https://openalex.org/W3093746731","https://openalex.org/W3094087189","https://openalex.org/W3100279624","https://openalex.org/W3103185335","https://openalex.org/W3103299927","https://openalex.org/W3109670077","https://openalex.org/W3118025904","https://openalex.org/W3118295647","https://openalex.org/W3123974810","https://openalex.org/W3125223717","https://openalex.org/W3125813591","https://openalex.org/W3128825673","https://openalex.org/W3134543716","https://openalex.org/W3138206886","https://openalex.org/W3157867125","https://openalex.org/W3168086592","https://openalex.org/W3172100757","https://openalex.org/W3174804976","https://openalex.org/W3175547470","https://openalex.org/W3181414820","https://openalex.org/W3202082537","https://openalex.org/W3206122349","https://openalex.org/W3206558114","https://openalex.org/W3210065386","https://openalex.org/W3211391682","https://openalex.org/W3211719913","https://openalex.org/W3212368439","https://openalex.org/W3214136791","https://openalex.org/W4200347730","https://openalex.org/W4213278005","https://openalex.org/W4214848489","https://openalex.org/W4221146475","https://openalex.org/W4226219152","https://openalex.org/W4230575913","https://openalex.org/W4231030608","https://openalex.org/W4231940489","https://openalex.org/W4239843124","https://openalex.org/W4243385754","https://openalex.org/W4247462173","https://openalex.org/W4248633940","https://openalex.org/W4250861340","https://openalex.org/W4286901713","https://openalex.org/W4287686346","https://openalex.org/W4287692910","https://openalex.org/W4288083803","https://openalex.org/W4288311862","https://openalex.org/W4288328891","https://openalex.org/W4288336313","https://openalex.org/W4289493983","https://openalex.org/W4293099830","https://openalex.org/W4293672040","https://openalex.org/W4301440130","https://openalex.org/W4307529884","https://openalex.org/W4323688010","https://openalex.org/W4327993494","https://openalex.org/W4362579246","https://openalex.org/W4366274228","https://openalex.org/W4378474292","https://openalex.org/W4379742782","https://openalex.org/W4384696745","https://openalex.org/W4385430461","https://openalex.org/W4387560742","https://openalex.org/W4387565629","https://openalex.org/W4388161955","https://openalex.org/W4388435211","https://openalex.org/W4394645559","https://openalex.org/W6600348643","https://openalex.org/W6637551541","https://openalex.org/W6678581937","https://openalex.org/W6679081535","https://openalex.org/W6684072790","https://openalex.org/W6693806876","https://openalex.org/W6698126840","https://openalex.org/W6712392314","https://openalex.org/W6724564420","https://openalex.org/W6728203054","https://openalex.org/W6728551298","https://openalex.org/W6729354094","https://openalex.org/W6731522235","https://openalex.org/W6732806195","https://openalex.org/W6738391854","https://openalex.org/W6741624062","https://openalex.org/W6744110554","https://openalex.org/W6748256130","https://openalex.org/W6748377460","https://openalex.org/W6748382702","https://openalex.org/W6748566876","https://openalex.org/W6748881466","https://openalex.org/W6749011207","https://openalex.org/W6753011622","https://openalex.org/W6753766000","https://openalex.org/W6755437240","https://openalex.org/W6755565494","https://openalex.org/W6758476220","https://openalex.org/W6759596746","https://openalex.org/W6762362138","https://openalex.org/W6763232862","https://openalex.org/W6763398819","https://openalex.org/W6765306346","https://openalex.org/W6765858885","https://openalex.org/W6766349044","https://openalex.org/W6770223673","https://openalex.org/W6770635715","https://openalex.org/W6771754660","https://openalex.org/W6775519108","https://openalex.org/W6776325169","https://openalex.org/W6776400179","https://openalex.org/W6779719205","https://openalex.org/W6780559895","https://openalex.org/W6781315541","https://openalex.org/W6782418708","https://openalex.org/W6782426160","https://openalex.org/W6784001516","https://openalex.org/W6789990585","https://openalex.org/W6796914627","https://openalex.org/W6802624080","https://openalex.org/W6803812252","https://openalex.org/W6810829725","https://openalex.org/W6853337198","https://openalex.org/W6857711900","https://openalex.org/W6857804448","https://openalex.org/W6857935574","https://openalex.org/W6882518821","https://openalex.org/W6999446019","https://openalex.org/W7014198846","https://openalex.org/W7047321768","https://openalex.org/W7072034560"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2931662336","https://openalex.org/W2077865380","https://openalex.org/W2765597752","https://openalex.org/W2134894512","https://openalex.org/W2083375246","https://openalex.org/W2067108088","https://openalex.org/W2085372204","https://openalex.org/W4391301621"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"learning":[1,61,104,137],"(ML)":[2],"has":[3],"significantly":[4],"enhanced":[5],"the":[6,37,78,97,124,155,179],"abilities":[7],"of":[8,17,39,80,90,121,127,142],"robots,":[9],"enabling":[10],"them":[11],"to":[12,24,43,56,76,83,130,147,177],"perform":[13],"a":[14,117],"wide":[15],"range":[16],"tasks":[18,68],"in":[19,31,69,102,154,184],"human":[20,51],"environments":[21],"and":[22,53,66,112,123,145,163,166],"adapt":[23],"our":[25,70],"uncertain":[26],"real":[27],"world.":[28],"Recent":[29],"works":[30],"various":[32],"ML":[33],"domains":[34],"have":[35],"highlighted":[36],"importance":[38],"accounting":[40],"for":[41,119,168,181],"fairness":[42,101,160],"ensure":[44],"that":[45],"these":[46],"algorithms":[47],"do":[48],"not":[49],"reproduce":[50],"biases":[52,82],"consequently":[54],"lead":[55],"discriminatory":[57],"outcomes.":[58],"With":[59,172],"robot":[60,103,136,170,186],"systems":[62],"increasingly":[63],"performing":[64],"more":[65,67],"everyday":[71],"lives,":[72],"it":[73],"is":[74],"crucial":[75],"understand":[77],"influence":[79],"such":[81],"prevent":[84],"unintended":[85],"behavior":[86],"toward":[87],"certain":[88],"groups":[89],"people.":[91],"In":[92],"this":[93,173],"work,":[94,174],"we":[95,139,175],"present":[96,151],"first":[98],"survey":[99],"on":[100],"from":[105,134],"an":[106],"interdisciplinary":[107],"perspective":[108],"spanning":[109],"technical,":[110],"ethical,":[111],"legal":[113,164],"challenges.":[114],"We":[115,150],"propose":[116],"taxonomy":[118],"sources":[120],"bias":[122],"resulting":[125],"types":[126],"discrimination":[128],"due":[129],"them.":[131,149],"Using":[132],"examples":[133],"different":[135,159],"domains,":[138],"examine":[140],"scenarios":[141],"unfair":[143],"outcomes":[144],"strategies":[146],"mitigate":[148],"early":[152],"advances":[153],"field":[156],"by":[157],"covering":[158],"definitions,":[161],"ethical":[162],"considerations,":[165],"methods":[167],"fair":[169,185],"learning.":[171,187],"aim":[176],"pave":[178],"road":[180],"groundbreaking":[182],"developments":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}