{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391992316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2024.3364256","title":"Physical Layer Covert Communication in B5G Wireless Networks\u2014its Research, Applications, and Challenges","display_name":"Physical Layer Covert Communication in B5G Wireless Networks\u2014its Research, Applications, and Challenges","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391992316","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2024.3364256"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2024.3364256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2024.3364256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011289072","display_name":"Y. Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1612-7212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46482218","display_name":"Anqing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0127ytz78","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46482218"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yu\u2019e Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Computing of Anhui Province, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Computing of Anhui Province, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46482218"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017914641","display_name":"Liangmin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0048-5979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liangmin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084739355","display_name":"Hsiao\u2010Hwa Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8473-0729"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hsiao-Hwa Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100773343","display_name":"Xuemin Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4140-287X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuemin Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011289072"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46482218"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.5597,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98277758,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"112","issue":"1","first_page":"47","last_page":"82"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.6575753688812256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.6485047936439514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5436457991600037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.5291674137115479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5192049145698547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.46615633368492126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.4451022148132324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-layer","display_name":"Network layer","score":0.435813844203949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2992461919784546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.09521937370300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.09497350454330444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.08701223134994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.07088816165924072}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.6575753688812256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.6485047936439514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5436457991600037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.5291674137115479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5192049145698547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46615633368492126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.4451022148132324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117468950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208074","display_name":"Network layer","level":3,"score":0.435813844203949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2992461919784546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.09521937370300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.09497350454330444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.08701223134994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.07088816165924072}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2024.3364256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2024.3364256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1033608059","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1764263","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1626143866","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"109-2221-E-006-182-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2242349334","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"109-2221-E-006-175-MY3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2985801735","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"112-2221-E-006-127","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":231,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W581334404","https://openalex.org/W1485726418","https://openalex.org/W1897081267","https://openalex.org/W1974598214","https://openalex.org/W1975181717","https://openalex.org/W1980201978","https://openalex.org/W1994125924","https://openalex.org/W2015913260","https://openalex.org/W2017717477","https://openalex.org/W2021051891","https://openalex.org/W2022381648","https://openalex.org/W2022971840","https://openalex.org/W2037636326","https://openalex.org/W2045343076","https://openalex.org/W2050285621","https://openalex.org/W2052267390","https://openalex.org/W2057415673","https://openalex.org/W2060500262","https://openalex.org/W2068887604","https://openalex.org/W2075593748","https://openalex.org/W2084796966","https://openalex.org/W2091271483","https://openalex.org/W2098346479","https://openalex.org/W2098435363","https://openalex.org/W2107300868","https://openalex.org/W2109394932","https://openalex.org/W2115094114","https://openalex.org/W2145577744","https://openalex.org/W2156186849","https://openalex.org/W2156214717","https://openalex.org/W2161271560","https://openalex.org/W2166828385","https://openalex.org/W2170470787","https://openalex.org/W2170749473","https://openalex.org/W2172139273","https://openalex.org/W2218552649","https://openalex.org/W2288246546","https://openalex.org/W2295172321","https://openalex.org/W2336589717","https://openalex.org/W2506174538","https://openalex.org/W2509004749","https://openalex.org/W2511419557","https://openalex.org/W2544417817","https://openalex.org/W2562742260","https://openalex.org/W2578845021","https://openalex.org/W2586599018","https://openalex.org/W2594393372","https://openalex.org/W2613511881","https://openalex.org/W2745290560","https://openalex.org/W2752271253","https://openalex.org/W2756790867","https://openalex.org/W2760929598","https://openalex.org/W2767494817","https://openalex.org/W2783440472","https://openalex.org/W2786157899","https://openalex.org/W2793425295","https://openalex.org/W2802067688","https://openalex.org/W2809204619","https://openalex.org/W2809254485","https://openalex.org/W2809857136","https://openalex.org/W2810713150","https://openalex.org/W2886148428","https://openalex.org/W2889437875","https://openalex.org/W2893082680","https://openalex.org/W2896010540","https://openalex.org/W2896420513","https://openalex.org/W2897986532","https://openalex.org/W2898035736","https://openalex.org/W2900953552","https://openalex.org/W2903188535","https://openalex.org/W2906954590","https://openalex.org/W2911183838","https://openalex.org/W2911314746","https://openalex.org/W2915414279","https://openalex.org/W2919684246","https://openalex.org/W2946162868","https://openalex.org/W2947179957","https://openalex.org/W2949758620","https://openalex.org/W2950553307","https://openalex.org/W2950582173","https://openalex.org/W2956202621","https://openalex.org/W2957915633","https://openalex.org/W2962657034","https://openalex.org/W2962845150","https://openalex.org/W2962872759","https://openalex.org/W2962960827","https://openalex.org/W2963108679","https://openalex.org/W2963113656","https://openalex.org/W2963199173","https://openalex.org/W2963381616","https://openalex.org/W2963450321","https://openalex.org/W2963513299","https://openalex.org/W2963793432","https://openalex.org/W2964286662","https://openalex.org/W2964289634","https://openalex.org/W2964527439","https://openalex.org/W2973495026","https://openalex.org/W2975960188","https://openalex.org/W2976642484","https://openalex.org/W2976841456","https://openalex.org/W2981096252","https://openalex.org/W2981443503","https://openalex.org/W2982282313","https://openalex.org/W2982417394","https://openalex.org/W2984466104","https://openalex.org/W2987093331","https://openalex.org/W2987222862","https://openalex.org/W2990547518","https://openalex.org/W2990961515","https://openalex.org/W2991566160","https://openalex.org/W2995199289","https://openalex.org/W2996056603","https://openalex.org/W2996091326","https://openalex.org/W2998948997","https://openalex.org/W3000032937","https://openalex.org/W3001150855","https://openalex.org/W3003392456","https://openalex.org/W3004147653","https://openalex.org/W3004834585","https://openalex.org/W3006636511","https://openalex.org/W3008277130","https://openalex.org/W3009469272","https://openalex.org/W3009494512","https://openalex.org/W3011039844","https://openalex.org/W3016116574","https://openalex.org/W3016365515","https://openalex.org/W3017275226","https://openalex.org/W3023690684","https://openalex.org/W3025456008","https://openalex.org/W3033175307","https://openalex.org/W3035029427","https://openalex.org/W3040586694","https://openalex.org/W3044223429","https://openalex.org/W3060612396","https://openalex.org/W3082810068","https://openalex.org/W3091752016","https://openalex.org/W3092473865","https://openalex.org/W3095693198","https://openalex.org/W3097665807","https://openalex.org/W3102424709","https://openalex.org/W3103270291","https://openalex.org/W3103461411","https://openalex.org/W3103970466","https://openalex.org/W3104101844","https://openalex.org/W3104557249","https://openalex.org/W3106493014","https://openalex.org/W3107775080","https://openalex.org/W3108479892","https://openalex.org/W3110989801","https://openalex.org/W3111996209","https://openalex.org/W3116767353","https://openalex.org/W3117613361","https://openalex.org/W3119339993","https://openalex.org/W3119936166","https://openalex.org/W3123708127","https://openalex.org/W3125553008","https://openalex.org/W3132579400","https://openalex.org/W3132976614","https://openalex.org/W3134103048","https://openalex.org/W3135239326","https://openalex.org/W3137023729","https://openalex.org/W3139370390","https://openalex.org/W3150071320","https://openalex.org/W3150881411","https://openalex.org/W3157007851","https://openalex.org/W3158646292","https://openalex.org/W3159216526","https://openalex.org/W3162136374","https://openalex.org/W3162466042","https://openalex.org/W3162965137","https://openalex.org/W3164550829","https://openalex.org/W3164862323","https://openalex.org/W3165137906","https://openalex.org/W3166879908","https://openalex.org/W3168211341","https://openalex.org/W3169567209","https://openalex.org/W3178606210","https://openalex.org/W3185268715","https://openalex.org/W3188578374","https://openalex.org/W3193637561","https://openalex.org/W3193940080","https://openalex.org/W3196479706","https://openalex.org/W3197783623","https://openalex.org/W3198447824","https://openalex.org/W3198753883","https://openalex.org/W3199874112","https://openalex.org/W3201324902","https://openalex.org/W3201966603","https://openalex.org/W3205585862","https://openalex.org/W3206160551","https://openalex.org/W3206417983","https://openalex.org/W3210303814","https://openalex.org/W3210852996","https://openalex.org/W3212250153","https://openalex.org/W3213207990","https://openalex.org/W4205946715","https://openalex.org/W4205968759","https://openalex.org/W4206223930","https://openalex.org/W4210260003","https://openalex.org/W4210272843","https://openalex.org/W4210425517","https://openalex.org/W4210586337","https://openalex.org/W4210723516","https://openalex.org/W4210733236","https://openalex.org/W4210934214","https://openalex.org/W4213191624","https://openalex.org/W4220962655","https://openalex.org/W4221160259","https://openalex.org/W4225537590","https://openalex.org/W4225751074","https://openalex.org/W4225817403","https://openalex.org/W4226267674","https://openalex.org/W4226452241","https://openalex.org/W4226456555","https://openalex.org/W4253000688","https://openalex.org/W4281624768","https://openalex.org/W4285158310","https://openalex.org/W4289655257","https://openalex.org/W4297094903","https://openalex.org/W4311414679","https://openalex.org/W4312576847","https://openalex.org/W4320001217","https://openalex.org/W4320712861","https://openalex.org/W4323651193","https://openalex.org/W4324125657","https://openalex.org/W4361802267","https://openalex.org/W4367359512","https://openalex.org/W4386090466","https://openalex.org/W4391807577","https://openalex.org/W6766369658","https://openalex.org/W6850825288"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1146749182","https://openalex.org/W2154249443","https://openalex.org/W1901143057","https://openalex.org/W2347274291","https://openalex.org/W1583213063","https://openalex.org/W2092580482","https://openalex.org/W2326397199","https://openalex.org/W2150218540","https://openalex.org/W2160661706","https://openalex.org/W1967762027"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Physical":[0],"layer":[1,31,87,106],"covert":[2,42,59,88,107,123,132,141,159],"communication":[3,8],"is":[4],"a":[5,12,19,67],"crucial":[6],"secure":[7],"technology":[9],"that":[10,34],"enables":[11],"transmitter":[13],"to":[14,18,45,69],"convey":[15],"information":[16],"covertly":[17],"recipient":[20],"without":[21],"being":[22],"detected":[23],"by":[24],"adversaries.":[25],"Unlike":[26],"typical":[27],"cryptography":[28],"and":[29,82,116,136,140,153],"physical":[30,86,105],"security":[32,71],"systems":[33,139],"concentrate":[35],"on":[36,158],"protecting":[37],"the":[38,47,79,101,151],"sent":[39],"signal":[40],"content,":[41],"communications":[43,60,89,133,142,160],"seek":[44],"conceal":[46],"existence":[48],"of":[49,78,104],"legitimate":[50],"transmission.":[51],"Thus,":[52],"with":[53],"beyond":[54],"fifth-generation":[55],"(B5G)":[56],"wireless":[57,163],"communications,":[58,108],"can":[61],"operate":[62],"in":[63,85,90,125,134,143,161],"tandem":[64],"or":[65],"as":[66,110,119,121,131],"supplement":[68],"conventional":[70],"techniques.":[72],"We":[73],"provide":[74],"an":[75],"extensive":[76],"overview":[77],"basic":[80,102],"theories":[81,103],"several":[83],"strategies":[84],"this":[91],"article.":[92],"In":[93,147],"particular,":[94],"we":[95,149],"go":[96],"into":[97],"great":[98],"detail":[99],"about":[100],"such":[109,130],"channel":[111],"models,":[112],"codes,":[113],"secret":[114],"keys,":[115],"covertness":[117],"metrics,":[118],"well":[120],"various":[122],"schemes":[124],"progressively":[126],"more":[127],"complicated":[128],"scenarios,":[129],"single-antenna":[135],"multiantenna":[137],"three-node":[138],"jammer-and":[144],"relay-aided":[145],"systems.":[146],"addition,":[148],"identify":[150],"challenges":[152],"future":[154],"directions":[155],"for":[156],"research":[157],"B5G":[162],"networks.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
