{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283314241","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2022.3176828","title":"Concepts and Trends in Autonomy for Robot-Assisted Surgery","display_name":"Concepts and Trends in Autonomy for Robot-Assisted Surgery","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283314241","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2022.3176828","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35911127"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2022.3176828","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2022.3176828","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7613181","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065107543","display_name":"Paolo Fiorini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0711-8605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119439378","display_name":"University of Verona","ror":"https://ror.org/039bp8j42","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Fiorini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ken Y. Goldberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6747-9499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ken Y. Goldberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research and the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research and the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100707660","display_name":"Yunhui Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3625-6679"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunhui Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, T Stone Robotics Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, T Stone Robotics Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004170925","display_name":"Russell H. Taylor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6272-1100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Russell H. Taylor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, the Department of Mechanical Engineering, the Department of Radiology, the Department of Surgery, and the Department of Otolaryngology, Head-and-Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA","Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, the Department of Mechanical Engineering, the Department of Radiology, the Department of Surgery, and the Department of Otolaryngology, Head-and-Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065107543"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.9956,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":83,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99589196,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"110","issue":"7","first_page":"993","last_page":"1011"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10916","display_name":"Surgical Simulation and Training","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10916","display_name":"Surgical Simulation and Training","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11984","display_name":"Anatomy and Medical Technology","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10868","display_name":"Soft Robotics and Applications","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomy","display_name":"Autonomy","score":0.6971979141235352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.48959046602249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.37497931718826294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.34946271777153015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3397371470928192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2700998783111572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.24775859713554382}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.6971979141235352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.48959046602249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.37497931718826294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.34946271777153015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3397371470928192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2700998783111572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.24775859713554382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2022.3176828","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2022.3176828","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35911127","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35911127","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7613181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7613181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proc IEEE Inst Electr Electron Eng","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7613181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7613181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proc IEEE Inst Electr Electron Eng","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1159991497","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TR42-409/18-R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","funder_display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1265544818","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01EB031009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2715917811","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 AR080315","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4032351773","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2R01 EB023943","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4544284118","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"5R44AI134500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5343352663","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ERC-ADG 742671","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6890882151","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"5R01EB025883","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7214794630","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01EB030511","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7671415935","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ERC-PoC 875523","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312083","display_name":"Intuitive Surgical","ror":"https://ror.org/05g2n4m79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317094","display_name":"SRI International","ror":"https://ror.org/05s570m15"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","ror":"https://ror.org/00djwmt25"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":145,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W967566017","https://openalex.org/W1499315759","https://openalex.org/W1509379744","https://openalex.org/W1955147295","https://openalex.org/W1963716360","https://openalex.org/W1978752707","https://openalex.org/W1979539982","https://openalex.org/W1983623271","https://openalex.org/W1986953096","https://openalex.org/W2017857032","https://openalex.org/W2018346149","https://openalex.org/W2034844028","https://openalex.org/W2037988980","https://openalex.org/W2042849704","https://openalex.org/W2043125815","https://openalex.org/W2047805825","https://openalex.org/W2051962249","https://openalex.org/W2054316636","https://openalex.org/W2055907337","https://openalex.org/W2061417916","https://openalex.org/W2067691029","https://openalex.org/W2072946156","https://openalex.org/W2077712601","https://openalex.org/W2081219706","https://openalex.org/W2084022418","https://openalex.org/W2086280444","https://openalex.org/W2087256467","https://openalex.org/W2087318557","https://openalex.org/W2088392499","https://openalex.org/W2091234770","https://openalex.org/W2091884377","https://openalex.org/W2097378246","https://openalex.org/W2102729693","https://openalex.org/W2103985955","https://openalex.org/W2104367785","https://openalex.org/W2108983496","https://openalex.org/W2109215595","https://openalex.org/W2114478552","https://openalex.org/W2118105774","https://openalex.org/W2125085585","https://openalex.org/W2125511732","https://openalex.org/W2129494071","https://openalex.org/W2132808682","https://openalex.org/W2138784405","https://openalex.org/W2149985621","https://openalex.org/W2153631465","https://openalex.org/W2158416304","https://openalex.org/W2163403935","https://openalex.org/W2201356391","https://openalex.org/W2284871568","https://openalex.org/W2296039882","https://openalex.org/W2322971354","https://openalex.org/W2346178339","https://openalex.org/W2397623390","https://openalex.org/W2491884417","https://openalex.org/W2511508505","https://openalex.org/W2513058035","https://openalex.org/W2521076496","https://openalex.org/W2522875829","https://openalex.org/W2539619597","https://openalex.org/W2555747011","https://openalex.org/W2563168016","https://openalex.org/W2565118673","https://openalex.org/W2567794413","https://openalex.org/W2576246534","https://openalex.org/W2587291840","https://openalex.org/W2598070036","https://openalex.org/W2609234538","https://openalex.org/W2729315639","https://openalex.org/W2735048916","https://openalex.org/W2736750746","https://openalex.org/W2741962992","https://openalex.org/W2765664543","https://openalex.org/W2768409770","https://openalex.org/W2770795106","https://openalex.org/W2772057578","https://openalex.org/W2790879948","https://openalex.org/W2792344492","https://openalex.org/W2792810896","https://openalex.org/W2793773296","https://openalex.org/W2806187888","https://openalex.org/W2885777315","https://openalex.org/W2888766141","https://openalex.org/W2901618917","https://openalex.org/W2901879337","https://openalex.org/W2906329276","https://openalex.org/W2910440184","https://openalex.org/W2910608697","https://openalex.org/W2917032424","https://openalex.org/W2930849944","https://openalex.org/W2940581269","https://openalex.org/W2941276819","https://openalex.org/W2941460562","https://openalex.org/W2949478824","https://openalex.org/W2955910642","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2964118482","https://openalex.org/W2972836290","https://openalex.org/W2976394908","https://openalex.org/W2979352248","https://openalex.org/W2980225217","https://openalex.org/W3009564539","https://openalex.org/W3016521739","https://openalex.org/W3020714075","https://openalex.org/W3026452467","https://openalex.org/W3034042169","https://openalex.org/W3036523856","https://openalex.org/W3042353022","https://openalex.org/W3095500987","https://openalex.org/W3096597946","https://openalex.org/W3100005048","https://openalex.org/W3100943374","https://openalex.org/W3115373916","https://openalex.org/W3117642486","https://openalex.org/W3130448017","https://openalex.org/W3133389372","https://openalex.org/W3140471141","https://openalex.org/W3155981689","https://openalex.org/W3159104853","https://openalex.org/W3165641326","https://openalex.org/W3170011746","https://openalex.org/W3180065401","https://openalex.org/W3181705464","https://openalex.org/W3193396633","https://openalex.org/W3196711335","https://openalex.org/W3198616842","https://openalex.org/W3198822284","https://openalex.org/W3203923932","https://openalex.org/W3205596143","https://openalex.org/W3206451052","https://openalex.org/W3207132575","https://openalex.org/W3211763588","https://openalex.org/W4200577878","https://openalex.org/W4205587397","https://openalex.org/W4242255917","https://openalex.org/W4288574670","https://openalex.org/W6676842561","https://openalex.org/W6732973286","https://openalex.org/W6736683735","https://openalex.org/W6740578593","https://openalex.org/W6758742486","https://openalex.org/W6764902307","https://openalex.org/W6780140117","https://openalex.org/W6824172123","https://openalex.org/W7075681307"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880","https://openalex.org/W1596801655"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Surgical":[0],"robots":[1,9],"have":[2,77],"been":[3,78],"widely":[4],"adopted":[5],"with":[6],"over":[7],"4000":[8],"being":[10],"used":[11],"in":[12,61,80],"practice":[13],"daily.":[14],"However,":[15],"these":[16],"are":[17,20],"telerobots":[18],"that":[19,76],"fully":[21],"controlled":[22],"by":[23],"skilled":[24],"human":[25],"surgeons.":[26],"Introducing":[27],"\"surgeon-assist\"-some":[28],"forms":[29],"of":[30,58],"autonomy-has":[31],"the":[32,53],"potential":[33],"to":[34,41],"reduce":[35],"tedium":[36],"and":[37,48,55,63,67,83,86],"increase":[38],"consistency,":[39],"analogous":[40],"driver-assist":[42],"functions":[43],"for":[44],"lanekeeping,":[45],"cruise":[46],"control,":[47],"parking.":[49],"This":[50],"article":[51],"examines":[52],"scientific":[54],"technical":[56],"backgrounds":[57],"robotic":[59],"autonomy":[60],"surgery":[62],"some":[64],"ethical,":[65],"social,":[66],"legal":[68],"implications.":[69],"We":[70],"describe":[71],"several":[72],"autonomous":[73],"surgical":[74],"tasks":[75],"automated":[79],"laboratory":[81],"settings,":[82],"research":[84],"concepts":[85],"trends.":[87]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2022-06-24T00:00:00"}
