{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3094429411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2020.3045625","title":"Brain-Inspired Learning on Neuromorphic Substrates","display_name":"Brain-Inspired Learning on Neuromorphic Substrates","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3094429411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2020.3045625","mag":"3094429411"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2020.3045625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2020.3045625","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5/9420072/09317744.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5/9420072/09317744.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001875800","display_name":"Friedemann Zenke","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I860889466","display_name":"Friedrich Miescher Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01bmjkv45","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I860889466"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Friedemann Zenke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland","Friedrich\u2010Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1883-644X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I860889466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Friedrich\u2010Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I860889466"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060924942","display_name":"Emre Neftci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0332-3273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emre O. Neftci","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA","Department of Cognitive Sciences and the Department of Computer Science, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0332-3273","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cognitive Sciences and the Department of Computer Science, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001875800"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I860889466"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5084,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62705908,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"109","issue":"5","first_page":"935","last_page":"950"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.9671012163162231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7542222738265991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-network","display_name":"Spiking neural network","score":0.6798198223114014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6683443784713745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6159387230873108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.6082828044891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5455451011657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.49519744515419006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reservoir-computing","display_name":"Reservoir computing","score":0.4454765319824219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41748833656311035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3799740672111511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.3155856132507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.14198249578475952}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.9671012163162231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7542222738265991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.6798198223114014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6683443784713745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6159387230873108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6082828044891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5455451011657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.49519744515419006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135796866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315328","display_name":"Reservoir computing","level":4,"score":0.4454765319824219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41748833656311035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3799740672111511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.3155856132507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.14198249578475952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2020.3045625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2020.3045625","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5/9420072/09317744.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2010.11931","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2010.11931","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.11931","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3094429411","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/2010.11931","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2010.11931","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2010.11931","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2020.3045625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2020.3045625","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5/9420072/09317744.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5391977680","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1823366 (EN)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7452611803","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1652159","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310389","display_name":"Novartis Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02f9zrr09"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3094429411.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3094429411.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":165,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W400678491","https://openalex.org/W950853366","https://openalex.org/W1480395068","https://openalex.org/W1484977481","https://openalex.org/W1528492376","https://openalex.org/W1576838367","https://openalex.org/W1585773866","https://openalex.org/W1586338196","https://openalex.org/W1884390770","https://openalex.org/W1965508219","https://openalex.org/W1972768882","https://openalex.org/W2007190359","https://openalex.org/W2007529107","https://openalex.org/W2016589492","https://openalex.org/W2018027127","https://openalex.org/W2024152195","https://openalex.org/W2040870580","https://openalex.org/W2042492924","https://openalex.org/W2043679829","https://openalex.org/W2045126306","https://openalex.org/W2051385641","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2069845225","https://openalex.org/W2084259975","https://openalex.org/W2085016237","https://openalex.org/W2086963583","https://openalex.org/W2093002383","https://openalex.org/W2099231026","https://openalex.org/W2107878631","https://openalex.org/W2108846941","https://openalex.org/W2111534506","https://openalex.org/W2111562869","https://openalex.org/W2115831804","https://openalex.org/W2128367023","https://openalex.org/W2129066464","https://openalex.org/W2138913040","https://openalex.org/W2156640153","https://openalex.org/W2163630896","https://openalex.org/W2167697781","https://openalex.org/W2167845354","https://openalex.org/W2239861374","https://openalex.org/W2271476098","https://openalex.org/W2281943757","https://openalex.org/W2289396059","https://openalex.org/W2290982066","https://openalex.org/W2314470091","https://openalex.org/W2337208537","https://openalex.org/W2346522032","https://openalex.org/W2384495648","https://openalex.org/W2478429860","https://openalex.org/W2501518233","https://openalex.org/W2513853720","https://openalex.org/W2520280309","https://openalex.org/W2529004582","https://openalex.org/W2552737632","https://openalex.org/W2557283755","https://openalex.org/W2560647685","https://openalex.org/W2604190365","https://openalex.org/W2606594511","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2611608598","https://openalex.org/W2620474507","https://openalex.org/W2749476078","https://openalex.org/W2753961618","https://openalex.org/W2766422095","https://openalex.org/W2768501777","https://openalex.org/W2769802733","https://openalex.org/W2775079417","https://openalex.org/W2782973718","https://openalex.org/W2783525259","https://openalex.org/W2788388592","https://openalex.org/W2788851830","https://openalex.org/W2797583228","https://openalex.org/W2798878556","https://openalex.org/W2805003733","https://openalex.org/W2809808428","https://openalex.org/W2891530223","https://openalex.org/W2894740066","https://openalex.org/W2897791367","https://openalex.org/W2898323475","https://openalex.org/W2899217980","https://openalex.org/W2899771611","https://openalex.org/W2905333383","https://openalex.org/W2906125418","https://openalex.org/W2911586496","https://openalex.org/W2913999406","https://openalex.org/W2940987568","https://openalex.org/W2945427955","https://openalex.org/W2947957795","https://openalex.org/W2949268663","https://openalex.org/W2952754147","https://openalex.org/W2953212265","https://openalex.org/W2962727772","https://openalex.org/W2962908174","https://openalex.org/W2963416336","https://openalex.org/W2963440770","https://openalex.org/W2964010909","https://openalex.org/W2964319207","https://openalex.org/W2970674713","https://openalex.org/W2971729000","https://openalex.org/W2973017734","https://openalex.org/W2978368159","https://openalex.org/W2978657723","https://openalex.org/W2982158940","https://openalex.org/W2984844508","https://openalex.org/W2985873131","https://openalex.org/W2990844796","https://openalex.org/W3007283957","https://openalex.org/W3016391357","https://openalex.org/W3016414872","https://openalex.org/W3020141685","https://openalex.org/W3025773901","https://openalex.org/W3027302606","https://openalex.org/W3034235402","https://openalex.org/W3035285516","https://openalex.org/W3035400263","https://openalex.org/W3035640865","https://openalex.org/W3043133474","https://openalex.org/W3046044791","https://openalex.org/W3082258058","https://openalex.org/W3093947012","https://openalex.org/W3102087395","https://openalex.org/W3104133773","https://openalex.org/W3104688113","https://openalex.org/W3105516366","https://openalex.org/W3124478039","https://openalex.org/W3135613337","https://openalex.org/W4231081240","https://openalex.org/W4242770316","https://openalex.org/W6602394311","https://openalex.org/W6631747061","https://openalex.org/W6638908295","https://openalex.org/W6683935693","https://openalex.org/W6733541527","https://openalex.org/W6736309460","https://openalex.org/W6739434765","https://openalex.org/W6741217325","https://openalex.org/W6745668070","https://openalex.org/W6745785182","https://openalex.org/W6746586578","https://openalex.org/W6748409065","https://openalex.org/W6748778324","https://openalex.org/W6749922295","https://openalex.org/W6750665317","https://openalex.org/W6751430838","https://openalex.org/W6751979845","https://openalex.org/W6754595668","https://openalex.org/W6755166560","https://openalex.org/W6755303222","https://openalex.org/W6756040250","https://openalex.org/W6756154987","https://openalex.org/W6757170499","https://openalex.org/W6759063426","https://openalex.org/W6761579024","https://openalex.org/W6765213270","https://openalex.org/W6767640846","https://openalex.org/W6769296417","https://openalex.org/W6770699648","https://openalex.org/W6775783182","https://openalex.org/W6779253501","https://openalex.org/W6779460946","https://openalex.org/W6779868173","https://openalex.org/W6779901144","https://openalex.org/W6779916522","https://openalex.org/W6781266210"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3034841997","https://openalex.org/W2399948372","https://openalex.org/W3033465985","https://openalex.org/W2973169757","https://openalex.org/W2801596610","https://openalex.org/W2259268810","https://openalex.org/W3043133474","https://openalex.org/W2971958737","https://openalex.org/W2894176442","https://openalex.org/W3168216602","https://openalex.org/W2952797434","https://openalex.org/W2884648580","https://openalex.org/W2002700944","https://openalex.org/W3035400263","https://openalex.org/W2342527343","https://openalex.org/W2557405996","https://openalex.org/W2319785071","https://openalex.org/W3174098038","https://openalex.org/W2897593055","https://openalex.org/W2130289607"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neuromorphic":[0],"hardware":[1,168],"strives":[2],"to":[3,23,30,42,130,138],"emulate":[4],"brain-like":[5],"neural":[6,92,103],"networks":[7,28,93,104],"and":[8,46,95,127,151,157],"thus":[9],"holds":[10],"the":[11,43,47,62,118,123,146,159],"promise":[12],"for":[13,61,69,86,100,161],"scalable,":[14],"low-power":[15],"information":[16,125,163],"processing":[17,164],"on":[18,35,113,165],"temporal":[19],"data":[20],"streams.":[21],"Yet,":[22],"solve":[24],"real-world":[25],"problems,":[26],"these":[27],"need":[29],"be":[31],"trained.":[32],"However,":[33],"training":[34,101],"neuromorphic":[36,70,139,167],"substrates":[37],"creates":[38],"significant":[39],"challenges":[40],"due":[41],"offline":[44],"character":[45],"required":[48],"nonlocal":[49,124],"computations":[50],"of":[51,64],"gradient-based":[52,152],"learning":[53,67,81,98,132,156],"algorithms.":[54],"This":[55],"article":[56],"provides":[57],"a":[58,75,109],"mathematical":[59],"framework":[60,144],"design":[63],"practical":[65],"online":[66,84],"algorithms":[68],"substrates.":[71,140],"Specifically,":[72],"we":[73,107],"show":[74],"direct":[76],"connection":[77],"between":[78,148],"real-time":[79],"recurrent":[80,91],"(RTRL),":[82],"an":[83],"algorithm":[85],"computing":[87],"gradients":[88],"in":[89],"conventional":[90],"(RNNs),":[94],"biologically":[96],"plausible":[97],"rules":[99],"spiking":[102],"(SNNs).":[105],"Furthermore,":[106],"motivate":[108],"sparse":[110],"approximation":[111],"based":[112],"block-diagonal":[114],"Jacobians,":[115],"which":[116],"reduces":[117],"algorithm's":[119],"computational":[120],"complexity,":[121],"diminishes":[122],"requirements,":[126],"empirically":[128],"leads":[129],"good":[131],"performance,":[133],"thereby":[134],"improving":[135],"its":[136],"applicability":[137],"In":[141],"summary,":[142],"our":[143],"bridges":[145],"gap":[147],"synaptic":[149],"plasticity":[150],"approaches":[153],"from":[154],"deep":[155],"lays":[158],"foundations":[160],"powerful":[162],"future":[166],"systems.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}