{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2890856788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2018.2864271","title":"Codesign Methodologies and Tools for Cyber\u2013Physical Systems","display_name":"Codesign Methodologies and Tools for Cyber\u2013Physical Systems","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2890856788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2018.2864271","mag":"2890856788"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2018.2864271","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2018.2864271","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020896290","display_name":"Qi Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7700-4099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qi Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088660554","display_name":"Alberto Sangiovanni\u2010Vincentelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1298-8389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020896290"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.58,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9737423,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"106","issue":"9","first_page":"1484","last_page":"1500"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.9162626266479492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7408842444419861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extensibility","display_name":"Extensibility","score":0.5959962010383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5731959939002991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5669314861297607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-system","display_name":"Complex system","score":0.4706997871398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.4668456017971039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.41666334867477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.36683446168899536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.2956414222717285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1784621775150299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1319333016872406}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.9162626266479492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7408842444419861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32833848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115054","display_name":"Extensibility","level":2,"score":0.5959962010383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5731959939002991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5669314861297607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47822265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854457","display_name":"Complex system","level":2,"score":0.4706997871398926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.4668456017971039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.41666334867477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.36683446168899536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2956414222717285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1784621775150299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1319333016872406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2018.2864271","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2018.2864271","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1012475132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1724341","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332169","funder_display_name":"Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1650084160","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1646381","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332169","funder_display_name":"Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3203658919","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1645964","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332169","funder_display_name":"Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4387383029","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1553757","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332169","funder_display_name":"Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6475501334","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-14-1-0816","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7077304944","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-14-1-0815","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7156559296","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1739816","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332169","funder_display_name":"Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7364579862","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1646641","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332169","funder_display_name":"Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332169","display_name":"Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/025kzpk63"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":191,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W200015073","https://openalex.org/W783456728","https://openalex.org/W1486623318","https://openalex.org/W1500726385","https://openalex.org/W1535987901","https://openalex.org/W1547304883","https://openalex.org/W1558960848","https://openalex.org/W1573344143","https://openalex.org/W1577612339","https://openalex.org/W1590192790","https://openalex.org/W1801704802","https://openalex.org/W1969806274","https://openalex.org/W1975823577","https://openalex.org/W1976328863","https://openalex.org/W1978518835","https://openalex.org/W1978592907","https://openalex.org/W1982630469","https://openalex.org/W1991698050","https://openalex.org/W1992160941","https://openalex.org/W1994901326","https://openalex.org/W2000548672","https://openalex.org/W2001091950","https://openalex.org/W2003921868","https://openalex.org/W2008151824","https://openalex.org/W2009220606","https://openalex.org/W2011588388","https://openalex.org/W2014019774","https://openalex.org/W2016188328","https://openalex.org/W2016310205","https://openalex.org/W2019055396","https://openalex.org/W2019952623","https://openalex.org/W2021028598","https://openalex.org/W2022312522","https://openalex.org/W2023808162","https://openalex.org/W2029414465","https://openalex.org/W2035091557","https://openalex.org/W2041045065","https://openalex.org/W2044653231","https://openalex.org/W2048695515","https://openalex.org/W2048903680","https://openalex.org/W2051607409","https://openalex.org/W2056359803","https://openalex.org/W2060033172","https://openalex.org/W2068296110","https://openalex.org/W2077099824","https://openalex.org/W2080373251","https://openalex.org/W2081771462","https://openalex.org/W2084998345","https://openalex.org/W2087412435","https://openalex.org/W2089266152","https://openalex.org/W2092626285","https://openalex.org/W2098009157","https://openalex.org/W2098346263","https://openalex.org/W2099620165","https://openalex.org/W2104033473","https://openalex.org/W2107602857","https://openalex.org/W2108044018","https://openalex.org/W2110643661","https://openalex.org/W2110751290","https://openalex.org/W2111990577","https://openalex.org/W2114758860","https://openalex.org/W2115306281","https://openalex.org/W2117741143","https://openalex.org/W2118824103","https://openalex.org/W2118898228","https://openalex.org/W2119597710","https://openalex.org/W2119759435","https://openalex.org/W2120235301","https://openalex.org/W2121784623","https://openalex.org/W2121795328","https://openalex.org/W2122822580","https://openalex.org/W2125062835","https://openalex.org/W2125902369","https://openalex.org/W2126846277","https://openalex.org/W2128969277","https://openalex.org/W2130241392","https://openalex.org/W2131605558","https://openalex.org/W2132211170","https://openalex.org/W2133038101","https://openalex.org/W2133620399","https://openalex.org/W2134345746","https://openalex.org/W2135930589","https://openalex.org/W2137435720","https://openalex.org/W2137514195","https://openalex.org/W2143508547","https://openalex.org/W2146598041","https://openalex.org/W2150408604","https://openalex.org/W2151023418","https://openalex.org/W2151415616","https://openalex.org/W2152520525","https://openalex.org/W2153301577","https://openalex.org/W2156021445","https://openalex.org/W2156302255","https://openalex.org/W2157370613","https://openalex.org/W2160642317","https://openalex.org/W2161022036","https://openalex.org/W2161413309","https://openalex.org/W2162565688","https://openalex.org/W2163550021","https://openalex.org/W2163770626","https://openalex.org/W2164231325","https://openalex.org/W2168110468","https://openalex.org/W2169180789","https://openalex.org/W2170600460","https://openalex.org/W2170649624","https://openalex.org/W2176075926","https://openalex.org/W2196434470","https://openalex.org/W2285163276","https://openalex.org/W2317572386","https://openalex.org/W2327531525","https://openalex.org/W2336945163","https://openalex.org/W2341716445","https://openalex.org/W2401585136","https://openalex.org/W2412440871","https://openalex.org/W2560401546","https://openalex.org/W2604526304","https://openalex.org/W2605015436","https://openalex.org/W2625222503","https://openalex.org/W2625874945","https://openalex.org/W2756321126","https://openalex.org/W2778334231","https://openalex.org/W2788529640","https://openalex.org/W2798554470","https://openalex.org/W2803848688","https://openalex.org/W2810136848","https://openalex.org/W2901368914","https://openalex.org/W2962859003","https://openalex.org/W3104227358","https://openalex.org/W3144529997","https://openalex.org/W3151280749","https://openalex.org/W4205178436","https://openalex.org/W4231890321","https://openalex.org/W4232642394","https://openalex.org/W4234110693","https://openalex.org/W4234297325","https://openalex.org/W4237130266","https://openalex.org/W4237820378","https://openalex.org/W4238754707","https://openalex.org/W4239187297","https://openalex.org/W4243442048","https://openalex.org/W4243993236","https://openalex.org/W4247800181","https://openalex.org/W4248155908","https://openalex.org/W6608233820","https://openalex.org/W6622413506","https://openalex.org/W6630059546","https://openalex.org/W6633348204","https://openalex.org/W6634272870","https://openalex.org/W6634556448","https://openalex.org/W6642993424","https://openalex.org/W6644288645","https://openalex.org/W6644320400","https://openalex.org/W6650000005","https://openalex.org/W6650784859","https://openalex.org/W6651424782","https://openalex.org/W6652719672","https://openalex.org/W6653391267","https://openalex.org/W6656255003","https://openalex.org/W6656892219","https://openalex.org/W6671024298","https://openalex.org/W6674497457","https://openalex.org/W6674644043","https://openalex.org/W6674743652","https://openalex.org/W6676303059","https://openalex.org/W6676372760","https://openalex.org/W6676774173","https://openalex.org/W6677854346","https://openalex.org/W6677892973","https://openalex.org/W6677922309","https://openalex.org/W6678266138","https://openalex.org/W6678403051","https://openalex.org/W6678694791","https://openalex.org/W6678858302","https://openalex.org/W6680618609","https://openalex.org/W6681671328","https://openalex.org/W6683677908","https://openalex.org/W6683813875","https://openalex.org/W6683827343","https://openalex.org/W6684014763","https://openalex.org/W6684052021","https://openalex.org/W6684125519","https://openalex.org/W6684753820","https://openalex.org/W6693280475","https://openalex.org/W6695516615","https://openalex.org/W6736147864","https://openalex.org/W6739125812","https://openalex.org/W6739461390","https://openalex.org/W6744069991","https://openalex.org/W6748881814","https://openalex.org/W6750269370","https://openalex.org/W7039584353"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1948607442","https://openalex.org/W4247766898","https://openalex.org/W2044615423","https://openalex.org/W2361584951","https://openalex.org/W31122515","https://openalex.org/W3004004161","https://openalex.org/W2365327041","https://openalex.org/W4244765761","https://openalex.org/W4225348249","https://openalex.org/W2354832693"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cyber-physical":[0],"system":[1],"(CPS)":[2],"analysis":[3],"and":[4,25,54,75,104,112,125,127],"design":[5,38],"are":[6,18,61,83],"challenging":[7],"due":[8,86],"to":[9,30,87],"the":[10,37,49,52,88,91,96,101],"intrinsic":[11],"heterogeneity":[12],"of":[13,51,90],"those":[14],"systems.":[15],"Today,":[16],"CPSs":[17],"often":[19],"designed":[20],"by":[21,26],"leveraging":[22],"existing":[23,32],"solutions":[24,59],"adding":[27],"cyber":[28,53],"components":[29,56],"an":[31],"physical":[33,55],"system,":[34],"thus":[35],"decomposing":[36],"into":[39],"two":[40],"separate":[41],"phases.":[42],"In":[43,95],"this":[44],"paper,":[45,97],"we":[46,98],"argue":[47],"that":[48,60],"codesign":[50,81,120],"would":[57],"expose":[58],"better":[62],"under":[63],"all":[64],"aspects,":[65],"such":[66],"as":[67],"safety,":[68],"efficiency,":[69],"security,":[70],"performance,":[71],"reliability,":[72],"fault":[73],"tolerance,":[74],"extensibility.":[76],"To":[77],"do":[78],"so,":[79],"automated":[80],"tools":[82,114],"a":[84],"necessity":[85],"complexity":[89],"problems":[92],"at":[93],"hand.":[94],"will":[99],"discuss":[100],"key":[102],"needs":[103],"challenges":[105],"in":[106],"developing":[107],"modeling,":[108],"simulation,":[109],"synthesis,":[110],"validation,":[111],"verification":[113],"for":[115],"CPS":[116],"codesign,":[117],"present":[118],"promising":[119],"approaches":[121],"from":[122],"our":[123],"teams":[124],"others,":[126],"point":[128],"out":[129],"where":[130],"additional":[131],"research":[132],"is":[133],"needed.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-30T08:08:38.191290","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}