{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2274517597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2015.2492539","title":"Design of Energy- and Cost-Efficient Massive MIMO Arrays","display_name":"Design of Energy- and Cost-Efficient Massive MIMO Arrays","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2274517597","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2015.2492539","mag":"2274517597"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2015.2492539","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2015.2492539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053802560","display_name":"Antonio Puglielli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Puglielli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010741140","display_name":"Andrew Townley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3339-8089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Townley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045170467","display_name":"Greg LaCaille","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Greg LaCaille","raw_affiliation_strings":["Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101994607","display_name":"Vladimir Milovanovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6787-4058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vladimir Milovanovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101782077","display_name":"Pengpeng Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4648-8366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengpeng Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007161811","display_name":"Konstantin Trotskovsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8497-5013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantin Trotskovsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074486260","display_name":"Amy Whitcombe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-7628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amy Whitcombe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057604058","display_name":"Nathan Narevsky","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan Narevsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052461775","display_name":"Gregory Wright","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7442-0724"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregory Wright","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alcatel-Lucent Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, NJ, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alcatel-Lucent Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, NJ, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059985425","display_name":"Thomas A. Courtade","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7106-7358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Courtade","raw_affiliation_strings":["Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110516457","display_name":"Elad Alon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elad Alon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041784384","display_name":"Borivoje Nikoli\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2324-1715"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Borivoje Nikolic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039764227","display_name":"Ali M. Niknejad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9246-9791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali M. Niknejad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":13,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053802560"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":259.145,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":144,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99973199,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"104","issue":"3","first_page":"586","last_page":"606"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.6962786912918091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.66888427734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6410930156707764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.6088788509368896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-multiplexing","display_name":"Spatial multiplexing","score":0.5005388259887695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.4876757860183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexing","display_name":"Multiplexing","score":0.45234501361846924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.4112281799316406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2501760721206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22428184747695923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.6962786912918091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.66888427734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6410930156707764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.6088788509368896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85884896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574075","display_name":"Spatial multiplexing","level":4,"score":0.5005388259887695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.4876757860183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.45234501361846924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.4112281799316406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2501760721206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22428184747695923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2015.2492539","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2015.2492539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W35926090","https://openalex.org/W143044055","https://openalex.org/W281977850","https://openalex.org/W655067952","https://openalex.org/W1557578388","https://openalex.org/W1654832238","https://openalex.org/W1667950888","https://openalex.org/W1815721556","https://openalex.org/W1950811911","https://openalex.org/W1968052665","https://openalex.org/W1971443733","https://openalex.org/W1974956497","https://openalex.org/W1977207404","https://openalex.org/W1983498864","https://openalex.org/W2000784360","https://openalex.org/W2008105706","https://openalex.org/W2021699271","https://openalex.org/W2023418210","https://openalex.org/W2023535408","https://openalex.org/W2036030019","https://openalex.org/W2038397443","https://openalex.org/W2039487563","https://openalex.org/W2046196919","https://openalex.org/W2049580942","https://openalex.org/W2053521124","https://openalex.org/W2058808990","https://openalex.org/W2060108923","https://openalex.org/W2062693799","https://openalex.org/W2065935082","https://openalex.org/W2069544829","https://openalex.org/W2075148031","https://openalex.org/W2075455532","https://openalex.org/W2084304524","https://openalex.org/W2086051067","https://openalex.org/W2087998432","https://openalex.org/W2089121898","https://openalex.org/W2090195299","https://openalex.org/W2096316670","https://openalex.org/W2104074482","https://openalex.org/W2108150289","https://openalex.org/W2108672684","https://openalex.org/W2111953900","https://openalex.org/W2112985278","https://openalex.org/W2114945762","https://openalex.org/W2115147171","https://openalex.org/W2116334496","https://openalex.org/W2117128514","https://openalex.org/W2123307942","https://openalex.org/W2124175118","https://openalex.org/W2125123536","https://openalex.org/W2127906434","https://openalex.org/W2128513990","https://openalex.org/W2130509920","https://openalex.org/W2132506973","https://openalex.org/W2135264671","https://openalex.org/W2135895052","https://openalex.org/W2138020668","https://openalex.org/W2141682101","https://openalex.org/W2147172970","https://openalex.org/W2147601077","https://openalex.org/W2158979030","https://openalex.org/W2164866798","https://openalex.org/W2166599588","https://openalex.org/W2171342189","https://openalex.org/W2478575999","https://openalex.org/W2534611171","https://openalex.org/W2540018060","https://openalex.org/W2541204438","https://openalex.org/W2545430465","https://openalex.org/W3098980465","https://openalex.org/W3104532765","https://openalex.org/W3106282754","https://openalex.org/W6636926751","https://openalex.org/W6642138262","https://openalex.org/W6684131056"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972125288","https://openalex.org/W4237321995","https://openalex.org/W2159343473","https://openalex.org/W2486733753","https://openalex.org/W2059045613","https://openalex.org/W2950721519","https://openalex.org/W4384257737","https://openalex.org/W2036873880","https://openalex.org/W4312452255","https://openalex.org/W2724724053"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"arrays":[1,37,68],"of":[2,57,66,91,94,108,146],"radios":[3],"have":[4,24],"been":[5],"exploited":[6],"for":[7,77],"beamforming":[8,78],"and":[9,15,20,44,63,81,100,114,137,148,156],"null":[10],"steering":[11],"in":[12,28,69],"both":[13,125],"radar":[14],"communication":[16],"applications,":[17],"but":[18],"cost":[19,155],"form":[21],"factor":[22],"limitations":[23],"precluded":[25],"their":[26],"use":[27],"commercial":[29],"systems.":[30],"This":[31],"paper":[32,59,123],"discusses":[33,124],"how":[34],"to":[35,71,153],"build":[36],"that":[38],"enable":[39,72],"multiuser":[40],"massive":[41],"multiple-input-multiple-output":[42],"(MIMO)":[43],"aggressive":[45],"spatial":[46],"multiplexing":[47],"with":[48],"many":[49],"users":[50],"sharing":[51],"the":[52,58,61,82,92,95,104,118],"same":[53],"spectrum.":[54],"The":[55,106,122],"focus":[56],"is":[60,86],"energy-":[62],"cost-efficient":[64],"realization":[65],"these":[67],"order":[70],"new":[73],"applications.":[74],"Distributed":[75],"algorithms":[76],"are":[79,120,135,151],"proposed,":[80],"optimum":[83],"array":[84,119],"size":[85],"considered":[87],"as":[88,111],"a":[89,144],"function":[90],"performance":[93],"receiver,":[96],"transmitter,":[97],"frequency":[98],"synthesizer,":[99],"signal":[101],"distribution":[102],"within":[103],"array.":[105],"effects":[107],"errors":[109],"such":[110],"phase":[112],"noise":[113],"synchronization":[115],"skew":[116],"across":[117],"analyzed.":[121],"RF":[126],"frequencies":[127],"below":[128],"10":[129],"GHz,":[130],"where":[131,143],"fully":[132],"digital":[133,147],"techniques":[134,150],"preferred,":[136],"operation":[138],"at":[139],"millimeter":[140],"(mm)-wave":[141],"bands":[142],"combination":[145],"analog":[149],"needed":[152],"keep":[154],"power":[157],"low.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T08:58:05.943551","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}