{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2095661997","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2015.2458990","title":"History and State of the Art in Commercial Electric Ship Propulsion, Integrated Power Systems, and Future Trends","display_name":"History and State of the Art in Commercial Electric Ship Propulsion, Integrated Power Systems, and Future Trends","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-09-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2095661997","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2015.2458990","mag":"2095661997"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2015.2458990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2015.2458990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059873362","display_name":"Jan Fredrik Hansen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165043","display_name":"ABB (Norway)","ror":"https://ror.org/05qjkay50","country_code":"NO","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165043","https://openalex.org/I885143765"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Fredrik Hansen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marine Department, ABB AS, Billingstad, Norway","Marine Dept., ABB AS, Billingstad, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marine Department, ABB AS, Billingstad, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165043"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marine Dept., ABB AS, Billingstad, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165043"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052600610","display_name":"Frank Wendt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165043","display_name":"ABB (Norway)","ror":"https://ror.org/05qjkay50","country_code":"NO","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165043","https://openalex.org/I885143765"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Wendt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marine Department, ABB AS, Billingstad, Norway","Marine Dept., ABB AS, Billingstad, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marine Department, ABB AS, Billingstad, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165043"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marine Dept., ABB AS, Billingstad, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165043"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165043"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.8986,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":268,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98449679,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"103","issue":"12","first_page":"2229","last_page":"2242"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12126","display_name":"Maritime Transport Emissions and Efficiency","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12126","display_name":"Maritime Transport Emissions and Efficiency","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13925","display_name":"Offshore Engineering and Technologies","score":0.9573000073432922,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13200","display_name":"Spacecraft and Cryogenic Technologies","score":0.9273999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propulsion","display_name":"Propulsion","score":0.8973562717437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrically-powered-spacecraft-propulsion","display_name":"Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion","score":0.7794612050056458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propeller","display_name":"Propeller","score":0.6320697069168091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.6023181080818176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-propulsion","display_name":"Marine propulsion","score":0.588884711265564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.5298162698745728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4574394226074219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power","display_name":"Electric power","score":0.4463653266429901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-engineering","display_name":"Marine engineering","score":0.4074741005897522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.36761921644210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.35061895847320557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.20133313536643982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.06608825922012329}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1034443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2583685","display_name":"Propulsion","level":2,"score":0.8973562717437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148008966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q648588","display_name":"Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion","level":3,"score":0.7794612050056458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80055088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205451","display_name":"Propeller","level":2,"score":0.6320697069168091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.6023181080818176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C505695854","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11482290","display_name":"Marine propulsion","level":3,"score":0.588884711265564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.5298162698745728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4574394226074219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40293303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27137","display_name":"Electric power","level":3,"score":0.4463653266429901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.4074741005897522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.36761921644210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.35061895847320557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.20133313536643982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06608825922012329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2015.2458990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2015.2458990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2127606350","https://openalex.org/W2404185545","https://openalex.org/W2416047262","https://openalex.org/W2499092090"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4307720037","https://openalex.org/W2103826466","https://openalex.org/W421511709","https://openalex.org/W270215132","https://openalex.org/W1578548769","https://openalex.org/W2392426459","https://openalex.org/W1506786376","https://openalex.org/W2991380214","https://openalex.org/W2184189236","https://openalex.org/W2008514507"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electric":[0],"propulsion":[1,10,46,100,197,250,285],"has":[2],"emerged":[3,251],"as":[4,252,272,350],"one":[5],"of":[6,32,44,55,80,89,122,179,211,318,330,339],"the":[7,17,27,30,38,41,49,53,90,94,106,120,141,144,162,193,205,220,237,246,281,289,296,316],"most":[8],"efficient":[9],"arrangements":[11],"for":[12,76,97,108,117,196,255,346],"several":[13],"vessel":[14,200],"types":[15],"over":[16],"last":[18],"decades.":[19],"Even":[20],"though":[21],"examples":[22],"can":[23,170],"be":[24,60,171],"found":[25,266],"in":[26,48,62,101,166,299],"history":[28],"at":[29,157,173],"end":[31],"19th":[33],"century,":[34,40],"and":[35,68,82,84,153,188,198,219,235,259,276,311,343],"further":[36,328],"into":[37,269],"20th":[39],"modern":[42],"use":[43],"electric":[45,99,124,168,249,290,319],"started":[47],"1980s":[50],"along":[51],"with":[52,176,225,242],"development":[54,73],"semiconductor":[56],"switching":[57],"devices":[58],"to":[59,112,129,208,315],"used":[61],"high":[63],"power":[64,163,169,194,341,351],"drives":[65,67,239],"(dc":[66],"later":[69,214],"ac-to-ac":[70],"drives).":[71],"This":[72,160],"opened":[74],"up":[75],"full":[77,158],"rpm":[78],"control":[79],"propellers":[81],"thrusters,":[83],"thereby":[85],"enabling":[86],"a":[87,130,148,300],"simplification":[88],"mechanical":[91,114],"structure.":[92],"However,":[93],"main":[95],"reason":[96],"using":[98],"commercial":[102],"ship":[103],"applications":[104],"is":[105,127],"potential":[107,138],"fuel":[109,136],"savings":[110],"compared":[111],"equivalent":[113],"alternatives,":[115],"except":[116],"icebreakers":[118],"where":[119,288],"performance":[121],"an":[123],"powered":[125,133],"propeller":[126,297],"superior":[128],"combustion":[131],"engine":[132],"propeller.":[134],"The":[135,229,321],"saving":[137],"lies":[139],"within":[140],"fact":[142],"that":[143],"applicable":[145],"vessels":[146,207,223],"have":[147],"highly":[149],"varying":[150],"operation":[151,338,359],"profile":[152],"are":[154,324],"seldom":[155],"run":[156],"power.":[159],"favors":[161],"plant":[164],"principle":[165],"which":[167],"produced":[172],"any":[174],"time":[175,283],"optimum":[177],"running":[178],"prime":[180],"movers,":[181],"e.g.,":[182],"diesel":[183],"engines,":[184],"by":[185,216,332],"turning":[186],"on":[187,192,295,327],"off":[189],"units":[190],"depending":[191],"demand":[195],"other":[199,270,277],"loads.":[201],"Icebreakers":[202],"were":[203,240,286],"among":[204],"first":[206],"take":[209],"advantage":[210],"this":[212],"technology":[213,231],"followed":[215],"cruise":[217,257],"vessel,":[218],"offshore":[221],"drilling":[222,262],"operating":[224],"dynamic":[226],"positioning":[227],"(DP).":[228],"converter":[230],"was":[232,292],"rapidly":[233],"developing":[234],"soon":[236],"dc":[238],"replaced":[241],"ac":[243],"drives.":[244],"In":[245],"same":[247,282],"period":[248],"basic":[253],"standard":[254],"large":[256],"liners,":[258],"DP":[260],"operated":[261],"vessels,":[263],"but":[264],"also":[265],"its":[267],"way":[268],"segments":[271],"shuttle":[273],"tankers,":[274],"ferries,":[275],"special":[278],"vessels.":[279],"At":[280],"podded":[284],"introduced,":[287],"motor":[291],"mounted":[293],"directly":[294],"shaft":[298],"submerged":[301],"360":[302],"$^{\\circ}$":[303],"steerable":[304],"pod,":[305],"adding":[306],"better":[307],"efficiency,":[308],"improved":[309],"maneuvering,":[310],"reduced":[312],"installation":[313],"space/cost":[314],"benefits":[317],"propulsion.":[320],"future":[322],"trends":[323],"now":[325],"focusing":[326],"optimization":[329],"efficiency":[331],"allowing":[333],"multiple":[334],"energy":[335,344],"sources,":[336],"independent":[337],"individual":[340],"producers,":[342],"storage":[345],"various":[347],"applications,":[348],"such":[349],"back":[352],"up,":[353],"peak":[354],"shaving,":[355],"or":[356],"emission":[357],"free":[358],"(short":[360],"voyages).":[361]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}