{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1976955200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2014.2334493","title":"Hardware Trojan Attacks: Threat Analysis and Countermeasures","display_name":"Hardware Trojan Attacks: Threat Analysis and Countermeasures","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1976955200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2014.2334493","mag":"1976955200"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2014.2334493","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2014.2334493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039442844","display_name":"Swarup Bhunia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-6961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swarup Bhunia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108516165","display_name":"Michael S. Hsiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael S. Hsiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA","Virginia Polytech. Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Polytech. Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046749845","display_name":"Mainak Banga","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mainak Banga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Corporation, Folsom, CA, USA","Intel Corporation , Folsom, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation, Folsom, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation , Folsom, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004668210","display_name":"Seetharam Narasimhan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seetharam Narasimhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA","Intel Corporation, , Hillsboro, OR, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corporation, , Hillsboro, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":65.1984,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":749,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99937077,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"102","issue":"8","first_page":"1229","last_page":"1247"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9643999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9563999772071838,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.8086894750595093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.7567206621170044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-trojan","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","score":0.7265067100524902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.7057881951332092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trojan","display_name":"Trojan","score":0.6861254572868347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6478883028030396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5226718783378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5184738039970398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-security-module","display_name":"Hardware security module","score":0.4616694748401642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.43910273909568787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronics","display_name":"Electronics","score":0.4266932010650635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3406248390674591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17551499605178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11922165751457214}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.8086894750595093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.7567206621170044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780873074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656397","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","level":3,"score":0.7265067100524902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.7057881951332092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174333608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19635","display_name":"Trojan","level":2,"score":0.6861254572868347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6478883028030396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5226718783378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5184738039970398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39217717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432354","display_name":"Hardware security module","level":3,"score":0.4616694748401642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.43910273909568787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138331895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11650","display_name":"Electronics","level":2,"score":0.4266932010650635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3406248390674591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17551499605178833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11922165751457214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2014.2334493","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2014.2334493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5617491568","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DUE-1245756","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5856433890","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1054744","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W242539849","https://openalex.org/W1482046022","https://openalex.org/W1507513750","https://openalex.org/W1541663547","https://openalex.org/W1591013007","https://openalex.org/W1939513529","https://openalex.org/W1952517978","https://openalex.org/W1964330980","https://openalex.org/W1968519345","https://openalex.org/W1970888167","https://openalex.org/W1988151559","https://openalex.org/W1988712140","https://openalex.org/W1994094562","https://openalex.org/W1994870682","https://openalex.org/W2001441503","https://openalex.org/W2009009482","https://openalex.org/W2012032225","https://openalex.org/W2026891388","https://openalex.org/W2026936612","https://openalex.org/W2033565368","https://openalex.org/W2036548197","https://openalex.org/W2050351395","https://openalex.org/W2054753696","https://openalex.org/W2056625534","https://openalex.org/W2065476662","https://openalex.org/W2065891615","https://openalex.org/W2088380002","https://openalex.org/W2091371576","https://openalex.org/W2092545762","https://openalex.org/W2096153394","https://openalex.org/W2097624522","https://openalex.org/W2100303471","https://openalex.org/W2101528158","https://openalex.org/W2103408915","https://openalex.org/W2109540106","https://openalex.org/W2109850893","https://openalex.org/W2110522107","https://openalex.org/W2113436456","https://openalex.org/W2115066922","https://openalex.org/W2118333479","https://openalex.org/W2120912790","https://openalex.org/W2121667970","https://openalex.org/W2122185511","https://openalex.org/W2122509673","https://openalex.org/W2138039798","https://openalex.org/W2139891486","https://openalex.org/W2142009725","https://openalex.org/W2145937629","https://openalex.org/W2148559224","https://openalex.org/W2150928734","https://openalex.org/W2151668694","https://openalex.org/W2152045849","https://openalex.org/W2154978532","https://openalex.org/W2155843186","https://openalex.org/W2156256511","https://openalex.org/W2159425408","https://openalex.org/W2160696581","https://openalex.org/W2161856614","https://openalex.org/W2161998562","https://openalex.org/W2162730329","https://openalex.org/W2164583113","https://openalex.org/W2166778460","https://openalex.org/W2167175161","https://openalex.org/W2543548701","https://openalex.org/W4231760709","https://openalex.org/W4234937017","https://openalex.org/W4246349508","https://openalex.org/W6632480037","https://openalex.org/W6635239418","https://openalex.org/W6641116602","https://openalex.org/W6676809857","https://openalex.org/W6681533817","https://openalex.org/W6682184091","https://openalex.org/W6684007194","https://openalex.org/W6684544287"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385434494","https://openalex.org/W3159333627","https://openalex.org/W3004467197","https://openalex.org/W1500594134","https://openalex.org/W2091750459","https://openalex.org/W4328053173","https://openalex.org/W2782017703","https://openalex.org/W4318003314","https://openalex.org/W2120912790","https://openalex.org/W4248805755"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Security":[0],"of":[1,12,33,40,47,50,56,132,145],"a":[2,89,94],"computer":[3],"system":[4],"has":[5,27],"been":[6,28],"traditionally":[7],"related":[8],"to":[9,78,83,122],"the":[10,13,16,45,65,91,111,120,130],"security":[11,62],"software":[14],"or":[15,82],"information":[17,25,86],"being":[18],"processed.":[19],"The":[20,31],"underlying":[21],"hardware":[22,34,52,112,133],"used":[23],"for":[24],"processing":[26],"considered":[29],"trusted.":[30],"emergence":[32],"Trojan":[35,134],"attacks":[36],"violates":[37],"this":[38,126],"root":[39],"trust.":[41],"These":[42],"attacks,":[43],"in":[44,64,93,110],"form":[46],"malicious":[48],"modifications":[49],"electronic":[51],"at":[53],"different":[54,143],"stages":[55],"its":[57],"life":[58],"cycle,":[59],"pose":[60],"major":[61],"concerns":[63],"electronics":[66],"industry.":[67],"An":[68],"adversary":[69],"can":[70],"mount":[71],"such":[72,123],"an":[73,76],"attack":[74,137,155],"with":[75],"objective":[77],"cause":[79],"operational":[80],"failure":[81],"leak":[84],"secret":[85],"from":[87],"inside":[88],"chip-e.g.,":[90],"key":[92],"cryptographic":[95],"chip,":[96],"during":[97],"field":[98],"operation.":[99],"Global":[100],"economic":[101],"trend":[102],"that":[103],"encourages":[104],"increased":[105],"reliance":[106],"on":[107],"untrusted":[108],"entities":[109],"design":[113],"and":[114,140,150,152,158],"fabrication":[115],"process":[116],"is":[117],"rapidly":[118],"enhancing":[119],"vulnerability":[121],"attacks.":[124],"In":[125],"paper,":[127],"we":[128],"analyze":[129],"threat":[131],"attacks;":[135],"present":[136],"models,":[138],"types,":[139],"scenarios;":[141],"discuss":[142],"forms":[144],"protection":[146],"approaches,":[147],"both":[148],"proactive":[149],"reactive;":[151],"describe":[153],"emerging":[154],"modes,":[156],"defenses,":[157],"future":[159],"research":[160],"pathways.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":69},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":72},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":86},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":75},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":78},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":94},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":69},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-21T08:15:58.654021","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}