{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2088455835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2014.2320516","title":"Physical Unclonable Functions and Applications: A Tutorial","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions and Applications: A Tutorial","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-05-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2088455835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2014.2320516","mag":"2088455835"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2014.2320516","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2014.2320516","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5/6860340/06823677.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5/6860340/06823677.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027921406","display_name":"Charles Herder","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charles Herder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","[Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci. (EECS), Massachusetts Inst. of Technol., Cambridge, MA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci. (EECS), Massachusetts Inst. of Technol., Cambridge, MA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021810294","display_name":"Meng-Day Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng-Day Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Security and Industrial Cryptography (COSIC) research group, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, CA, Belgium","Verayo, Inc., San Jose, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Security and Industrial Cryptography (COSIC) research group, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, CA, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Verayo, Inc., San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019931011","display_name":"Farinaz Koushanfar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0798-3794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145666","display_name":"Embedded Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04742eh45","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farinaz Koushanfar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Adaptive Computing and Embedded Systems Lab (ACES) Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), Rice University, Houston, TX, USA","[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng. (ECE), Rice Univ., Houston, TX, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Adaptive Computing and Embedded Systems Lab (ACES) Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), Rice University, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145666","https://openalex.org/I74775410"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng. (ECE), Rice Univ., Houston, TX, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000525449","display_name":"Srinivas Devadas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8253-7714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Srinivas Devadas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","[Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci. (EECS), Massachusetts Inst. of Technol., Cambridge, MA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci. (EECS), Massachusetts Inst. of Technol., Cambridge, MA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027921406"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":56.0744,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1296,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9997442,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"102","issue":"8","first_page":"1126","last_page":"1141"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7043561935424805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-unclonable-function","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","score":0.7037686109542847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.7009685635566711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5879201889038086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5744966268539429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-generation","display_name":"Key generation","score":0.5521449446678162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.45793581008911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.45752984285354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.414154052734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-detection-and-correction","display_name":"Error detection and correction","score":0.41253894567489624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.36699000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.34204035997390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.34136486053466797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.11381042003631592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.09709754586219788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06650802493095398}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7043561935424805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8643368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4046262","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","level":3,"score":0.7037686109542847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.7009685635566711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5879201889038086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5744966268539429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163173736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308558","display_name":"Key generation","level":3,"score":0.5521449446678162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.45793581008911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.45752984285354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.414154052734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.41253894567489624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.36699000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.34204035997390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34136486053466797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.11381042003631592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.09709754586219788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06650802493095398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2014.2320516","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2014.2320516","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5/6860340/06823677.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2014.2320516","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2014.2320516","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5/6860340/06823677.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W171639838","https://openalex.org/W1490907850","https://openalex.org/W1552514439","https://openalex.org/W1562669673","https://openalex.org/W1565273324","https://openalex.org/W1574038160","https://openalex.org/W1588087602","https://openalex.org/W1807991791","https://openalex.org/W1921186091","https://openalex.org/W2000171858","https://openalex.org/W2016244202","https://openalex.org/W2030101407","https://openalex.org/W2056298050","https://openalex.org/W2070196900","https://openalex.org/W2080284304","https://openalex.org/W2093833539","https://openalex.org/W2105915863","https://openalex.org/W2106156825","https://openalex.org/W2110062156","https://openalex.org/W2113322447","https://openalex.org/W2115255494","https://openalex.org/W2116374153","https://openalex.org/W2123482651","https://openalex.org/W2126279347","https://openalex.org/W2129004891","https://openalex.org/W2129830285","https://openalex.org/W2137153141","https://openalex.org/W2138789075","https://openalex.org/W2145858709","https://openalex.org/W2151759197","https://openalex.org/W2157549033","https://openalex.org/W2169212403","https://openalex.org/W2204961904","https://openalex.org/W2225497109","https://openalex.org/W2399798860","https://openalex.org/W2400851979","https://openalex.org/W2404886994","https://openalex.org/W2570008916","https://openalex.org/W3147945423","https://openalex.org/W4250789963","https://openalex.org/W6633313671","https://openalex.org/W6633818482","https://openalex.org/W6680489800"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3209932692","https://openalex.org/W2976888033","https://openalex.org/W2150843699","https://openalex.org/W2971795314","https://openalex.org/W4387129757","https://openalex.org/W2971718024","https://openalex.org/W2898201669","https://openalex.org/W4311263387","https://openalex.org/W4362564225","https://openalex.org/W4288278593"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,56,67,92],"describes":[2,42],"the":[3,20,31,55,66],"use":[4,21,48,74],"of":[5,22],"physical":[6],"unclonable":[7],"functions":[8],"(PUFs)":[9],"in":[10,75,97],"low-cost":[11,50],"authentication":[12],"and":[13,29,38,46,60,72,87,105],"key":[14,76],"generation":[15,77],"applications.":[16,78],"First,":[17],"it":[18],"motivates":[19],"PUFs":[23,104],"versus":[24],"conventional":[25],"secure":[26],"nonvolatile":[27],"memories":[28],"defines":[30],"two":[32],"primary":[33],"PUF":[34,44,70,98,107],"types:":[35],"\u201cstrong":[36],"PUFs\u201d":[37],"\u201cweak":[39],"PUFs.\u201d":[40],"It":[41,79],"strong":[43],"implementations":[45,71],"their":[47,73],"for":[49],"authentication.":[51],"After":[52],"this":[53,91],"description,":[54],"covers":[57,68,80],"both":[58],"attacks":[59],"protocols":[61],"to":[62],"address":[63],"errors.":[64],"Next,":[65],"weak":[69],"error-correction":[81],"schemes":[82],"such":[83,100],"as":[84,101],"pattern":[85],"matching":[86],"index-based":[88],"coding.":[89],"Finally,":[90],"reviews":[93],"several":[94],"emerging":[95],"concepts":[96],"technologies":[99],"public":[102],"model":[103],"new":[106],"implementation":[108],"technologies.":[109]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":140},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":134},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":144},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":149},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":145},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":141},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":115},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":109},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":83},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-04T09:04:59.091469","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}