{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1982590198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2014.2302743","title":"Spectrum Without Bounds, Networks Without Borders","display_name":"Spectrum Without Bounds, Networks Without Borders","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-02-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1982590198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2014.2302743","mag":"1982590198"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2014.2302743","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2014.2302743","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2262/68254","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070786484","display_name":"Linda Doyle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8183-6429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205274468","display_name":"Trinity College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/02tyrky19","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144925","display_name":"Technological University Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/04t0qbt32","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144925"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linda Doyle","raw_affiliation_strings":["CTVR, The Telecommunications Research Centre, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland","Telecommun. Res. Centre, Univ. of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CTVR, The Telecommunications Research Centre, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144925"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telecommun. Res. Centre, Univ. of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073275706","display_name":"Jacek Kibi\u0142da","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8939-0583"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205274468","display_name":"Trinity College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/02tyrky19","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacek Kibilda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telecommun. Res. Centre, Univ. of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telecommun. Res. Centre, Univ. of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110277193","display_name":"Timothy K. Forde","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205274468","display_name":"Trinity College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/02tyrky19","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144925","display_name":"Technological University Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/04t0qbt32","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144925"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy K. Forde","raw_affiliation_strings":["CTVR, The Telecommunications Research Centre, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland","Telecommun. Res. Centre, Univ. of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CTVR, The Telecommunications Research Centre, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144925"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telecommun. Res. Centre, Univ. of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041092244","display_name":"Luiz A. DaSilva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6310-6150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205274468","display_name":"Trinity College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/02tyrky19","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144925","display_name":"Technological University Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/04t0qbt32","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144925"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luiz DaSilva","raw_affiliation_strings":["CTVR, The Telecommunications Research Centre, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland","Telecommun. Res. Centre, Univ. of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CTVR, The Telecommunications Research Centre, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144925"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telecommun. Res. Centre, Univ. of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.4127,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":78,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99350755,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"102","issue":"3","first_page":"351","last_page":"365"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6709046363830566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.5674858093261719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.48290443420410156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.48118191957473755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.4770587980747223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4543326497077942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.44959795475006104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.43950772285461426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.32794779539108276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3261485993862152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1555708944797516}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6709046363830566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.5674858093261719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.48290443420410156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.48118191957473755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.4770587980747223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4543326497077942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.44959795475006104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.43950772285461426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.32794779539108276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3261485993862152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1555708944797516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2014.2302743","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2014.2302743","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:http://www.rian.ie/94499/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2262/68254","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400033","display_name":"Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I115570527","host_organization_name":"Dublin Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115570527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"L. E. Doyle, J. Kibilda, T. K. Forde, and L. A. DaSilva, Spectrum without Bounds, Networks without Borders, Proceedings of the IEEE, 103, 3, IEEE, 2014, 351-365","raw_type":"Conference item"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:http://www.rian.ie/94499/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2262/68254","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400033","display_name":"Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I115570527","host_organization_name":"Dublin Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115570527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"L. E. Doyle, J. Kibilda, T. K. Forde, and L. A. DaSilva, Spectrum without Bounds, Networks without Borders, Proceedings of the IEEE, 103, 3, IEEE, 2014, 351-365","raw_type":"Conference item"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W154256326","https://openalex.org/W1529729626","https://openalex.org/W1560337332","https://openalex.org/W1763430029","https://openalex.org/W1965159621","https://openalex.org/W1972388732","https://openalex.org/W1976234755","https://openalex.org/W1979072595","https://openalex.org/W1982637280","https://openalex.org/W2006647354","https://openalex.org/W2017994212","https://openalex.org/W2035267700","https://openalex.org/W2038543227","https://openalex.org/W2051723053","https://openalex.org/W2062936250","https://openalex.org/W2065481789","https://openalex.org/W2066930192","https://openalex.org/W2072137431","https://openalex.org/W2098466784","https://openalex.org/W2113749736","https://openalex.org/W2116151383","https://openalex.org/W2117754754","https://openalex.org/W2119487940","https://openalex.org/W2132238781","https://openalex.org/W2133039196","https://openalex.org/W2134617338","https://openalex.org/W2145873277","https://openalex.org/W2160369481","https://openalex.org/W2165164808","https://openalex.org/W2207180882","https://openalex.org/W2264788889","https://openalex.org/W2295656366","https://openalex.org/W2410640268","https://openalex.org/W2473408320","https://openalex.org/W2505527456","https://openalex.org/W2506226662","https://openalex.org/W2912329919","https://openalex.org/W3124175488","https://openalex.org/W3149395617","https://openalex.org/W4206271555","https://openalex.org/W4375849300","https://openalex.org/W6637939684","https://openalex.org/W6641622113","https://openalex.org/W6688106388","https://openalex.org/W6693025300"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2303288554","https://openalex.org/W3033750547","https://openalex.org/W2029216794","https://openalex.org/W2047225036","https://openalex.org/W2093207996","https://openalex.org/W4386698331","https://openalex.org/W2138314731","https://openalex.org/W2142989636","https://openalex.org/W2322468729","https://openalex.org/W2168356777"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,16,55,70,79,100],"purpose":[1],"of":[2,30,40,116,131,146,188,209,234,248,254],"this":[3,73,107,117],"paper":[4,71,256],"is":[5,25,83,119],"to":[6,94,242],"present":[7],"a":[8,28,38,76],"vision":[9,118,236],"for":[10,106],"future":[11],"mobile":[12,96,201],"and":[13,97,103,133,138,140,159,175,186,195,218,230,244],"wireless":[14,98],"networks.":[15,99],"vision,":[17],"which":[18,34,127,191],"we":[19,153,169,181,204],"call":[20],"Networks":[21],"without":[22],"Borders":[23],"(NwoB),":[24],"based":[26],"on":[27,124,136,163],"marketplace":[29],"virtual":[31],"network":[32,48],"operators":[33],"construct":[35],"networks":[36],"from":[37,60,68,75,86],"pool":[39],"shared":[41,147],"resources":[42,56],"(e.g.,":[43],"base":[44],"stations,":[45],"spectrum,":[46],"core":[47],"components,":[49],"cloud":[50],"resources,":[51],"processing":[52],"capabilities,":[53],"etc.).":[54],"will":[57,237],"be":[58,167],"sourced":[59],"traditional":[61,132],"industry":[62],"players":[63],"as":[64,66],"well":[65],"crowdsourced":[67,212],"individuals.":[69],"describes":[72,257],"approach":[74,108],"value-chain":[77,88],"perspective.":[78],"proposed":[80],"value":[81],"chain":[82],"substantially":[84],"different":[85,200],"the":[87,114,129,150,171,178,184,197,207,220,231,235,251,255,258],"models":[89],"that":[90,214],"are":[91,109,227],"currently":[92],"used":[93],"illustrate":[95],"economic":[101],"imperatives":[102],"innovation":[104],"drivers":[105],"discussed.":[110],"Early":[111],"work":[112,122],"showing":[113],"promise":[115],"presented.":[120],"This":[121],"focuses":[123],"diverse":[125],"examples":[126],"advocate":[128],"removal":[130],"historical":[134],"restrictions":[135,162],"spectrum":[137,164,194,217,243],"infrastructure":[139,190,213],"move":[141],"toward":[142],"more":[143,239,245],"dynamic":[144,240],"use":[145],"resources.":[148],"In":[149,177],"first":[151],"example,":[152,180],"look":[154,182,205],"at":[155,183,206],"how":[156],"frequency-division-duplexing":[157],"(FDD)":[158],"time-division-duplexing":[160],"(TDD)":[161],"usage":[165],"can":[166],"relaxed;":[168],"remove":[170],"borders":[172,198,221],"between":[173,199,222],"TDD":[174],"FDD.":[176],"second":[179],"aggregation":[185,208],"pooling":[187],"corporate":[189],"uses":[192,216],"exclusive":[193],"removes":[196,219],"operators.":[202],"Finally,":[203],"user-deployed":[210],"or":[211],"opportunistically":[215],"independently":[223],"deployed":[224],"hotspots.":[225],"These":[226],"starting":[228],"points,":[229],"full":[232],"realization":[233],"involve":[238],"access":[241],"extensive":[246],"sharing":[247],"infrastructure.":[249],"Hence,":[250],"final":[252],"part":[253],"resulting":[259],"research":[260],"challenges.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
