{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2160126256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2013.2274935","title":"The Transistor Laser: Theory and Experiment","display_name":"The Transistor Laser: Theory and Experiment","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2160126256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2013.2274935","mag":"2160126256"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2013.2274935","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2013.2274935","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079954157","display_name":"Han Wui Then","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4646-5906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Wui Then","raw_affiliation_strings":["Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Components Research, Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048100963","display_name":"M. Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0179-0051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milton Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Everitt Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Everitt Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014677470","display_name":"N. Holonyak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nick Holonyak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2627,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89002909,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"101","issue":"10","first_page":"2271","last_page":"2298"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10022","display_name":"Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lasing-threshold","display_name":"Lasing threshold","score":0.5994977355003357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.47975456714630127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4531250298023224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transistor","display_name":"Transistor","score":0.44160526990890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charge","display_name":"Charge (physics)","score":0.43271148204803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.42974579334259033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.41519221663475037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.3974139392375946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.34434956312179565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.26749974489212036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.26364976167678833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10452717542648315}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40637687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676237","display_name":"Lasing threshold","level":3,"score":0.5994977355003357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.47975456714630127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4531250298023224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.44160526990890503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188082385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q73792","display_name":"Charge (physics)","level":2,"score":0.43271148204803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.42974579334259033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.41519221663475037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3974139392375946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.34434956312179565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.26749974489212036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.26364976167678833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10452717542648315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2013.2274935","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2013.2274935","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1531159918","https://openalex.org/W1661368752","https://openalex.org/W1964349380","https://openalex.org/W1965211145","https://openalex.org/W1975633902","https://openalex.org/W1979253025","https://openalex.org/W1980933230","https://openalex.org/W1986097419","https://openalex.org/W1988553918","https://openalex.org/W1988790801","https://openalex.org/W1989138307","https://openalex.org/W1991521478","https://openalex.org/W1994091225","https://openalex.org/W1994639284","https://openalex.org/W1996883886","https://openalex.org/W1996976476","https://openalex.org/W2000716505","https://openalex.org/W2001171886","https://openalex.org/W2008124540","https://openalex.org/W2011768683","https://openalex.org/W2012422786","https://openalex.org/W2013155967","https://openalex.org/W2015271194","https://openalex.org/W2015294859","https://openalex.org/W2020922252","https://openalex.org/W2022427249","https://openalex.org/W2024100660","https://openalex.org/W2031902137","https://openalex.org/W2033758094","https://openalex.org/W2037943767","https://openalex.org/W2041783051","https://openalex.org/W2048012051","https://openalex.org/W2049229872","https://openalex.org/W2052210024","https://openalex.org/W2053742475","https://openalex.org/W2055662064","https://openalex.org/W2056225453","https://openalex.org/W2058980224","https://openalex.org/W2059743301","https://openalex.org/W2066255432","https://openalex.org/W2067974416","https://openalex.org/W2071426761","https://openalex.org/W2073314248","https://openalex.org/W2073560630","https://openalex.org/W2077220685","https://openalex.org/W2079198945","https://openalex.org/W2079736713","https://openalex.org/W2086890001","https://openalex.org/W2089037672","https://openalex.org/W2090014278","https://openalex.org/W2090444534","https://openalex.org/W2109256920","https://openalex.org/W2111012598","https://openalex.org/W2116427024","https://openalex.org/W2143486846","https://openalex.org/W2156188893","https://openalex.org/W2156197659"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2369486188","https://openalex.org/W1525152383","https://openalex.org/W1963564660","https://openalex.org/W2043874085","https://openalex.org/W2189477264","https://openalex.org/W1995726621","https://openalex.org/W2044525606","https://openalex.org/W3016598986","https://openalex.org/W2503755934","https://openalex.org/W2466679399"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,36,138],"quantum-well":[1],"(QW)":[2],"heterojunction":[3],"bipolar":[4],"transistor":[5,9],"(HBT)":[6],"laser":[7,10,67],"[the":[8],"(TL)],":[11],"inherently":[12],"a":[13,59,87,106,126,132],"fast":[14,142],"switching":[15,136],"device,":[16,129],"operates":[17],"by":[18,79],"transporting":[19],"small":[20],"minority":[21],"base":[22,30,37,103,163],"charge":[23,89,127],"densities$\\sim\\!\\!":[24],"{\\hbox":[25,27],"{10}}^{16}\\":[26],"{cm}}^{-3}$over":[28],"nanoscale":[29],"thickness":[31],"($<$900":[32],"A)":[33],"in":[34,44,58],"picoseconds.":[35],"QW":[38],"acts":[39],"as":[40,176],"an":[41,112],"optical":[42,155],"\u201ccollector,\u201d":[43],"addition":[45],"to":[46,86,114,141],"the":[47,75,83,118,120,150],"usual":[48],"electrical":[49,157],"collector,":[50],"that":[51],"selects":[52],"out":[53],"\u201cfast\u201d":[54],"recombining":[55],"carriers,":[56],"resulting":[57],"short":[60],"lifetime":[61],"($\\sim$29":[62],"ps)":[63],"and":[64,70,105,135,149,156,165,169,184],"higher":[65],"differential":[66],"gains.":[68],"Charge":[69],"current":[71,164],"continuity,":[72],"together":[73],"with":[74],"boundary":[76],"conditions":[77],"imposed":[78],"both":[80],"collectors":[81],"of":[82,93,153,172],"TL":[84],"lead":[85],"new":[88,107],"control":[90,128],"model,":[91],"\u201cunpinning\u201d":[92],"population":[94],"inversion":[95],"beyond":[96],"lasing":[97],"threshold,":[98],"quasi-Fermi":[99],"level":[100],"discontinuity":[101],"across":[102],"QW,":[104],"equivalent":[108],"circuit":[109],"model":[110],"requiring":[111],"extension":[113],"Kirchhoff's":[115],"law.":[116],"With":[117],"TL,":[119,139],"HBT":[121],"becomes":[122],"more":[123],"than":[124],"just":[125],"but":[130],"also":[131],"photon":[133],"storage":[134],"device.":[137],"owing":[140],"recombination":[143],"speed,":[144],"its":[145,154],"unique":[146],"three-terminal":[147],"configuration,":[148],"complementary":[151],"nature":[152],"collector":[158,166],"output":[159],"signals,":[160],"enables":[161],"resonance-free":[162],"voltage":[167],"modulations,":[168],"compact":[170],"realization":[171],"electro\u2013optical":[173],"applications":[174],"such":[175],"nonlinear":[177],"signal":[178],"mixing,":[179],"frequency":[180],"multiplication,":[181],"negative":[182],"feedback,":[183],"optoelectronic":[185],"logic":[186],"gates.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
