{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2041934489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2013.2274911","title":"From Holonyak to Today","display_name":"From Holonyak to Today","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-08-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2041934489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2013.2274911","mag":"2041934489"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2013.2274911","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2013.2274911","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069211610","display_name":"M. G. Craford","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1329325741","display_name":"Philips (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/01g4jev56","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1329325741","https://openalex.org/I4210122849"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131230","display_name":"Philips (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03kw6wr76","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122849","https://openalex.org/I4210131230"]}],"countries":["FI","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. George Craford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, San Jose, CA, USA","Solid State Lighting Fellow, Philips Lumileds Lighting Co., San Jose, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131230"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Solid State Lighting Fellow, Philips Lumileds Lighting Co., San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329325741"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069211610"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1329325741","https://openalex.org/I4210131230"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9846,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74941038,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"101","issue":"10","first_page":"2170","last_page":"2175"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10099","display_name":"GaN-based semiconductor devices and materials","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10099","display_name":"GaN-based semiconductor devices and materials","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13418","display_name":"Photocathodes and Microchannel Plates","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10022","display_name":"Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices","score":0.9750999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diode","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","score":0.7818566560745239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backlight","display_name":"Backlight","score":0.7432916164398193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brightness","display_name":"Brightness","score":0.7353759407997131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-light","display_name":"Electric light","score":0.620648980140686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/led-lamp","display_name":"LED lamp","score":0.6112759113311768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.5242093801498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash","display_name":"Flash (photography)","score":0.5201016664505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.5178940296173096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4871382415294647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.4386943280696869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3713817596435547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3425114154815674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3326454758644104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-physics","display_name":"Engineering physics","score":0.3215627670288086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.30967003107070923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.29427480697631836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquid-crystal-display","display_name":"Liquid-crystal display","score":0.09459000825881958}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.7818566560745239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171107226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574291","display_name":"Backlight","level":3,"score":0.7432916164398193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125245961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221656","display_name":"Brightness","level":2,"score":0.7353759407997131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19643730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1326621","display_name":"Electric light","level":2,"score":0.620648980140686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101271287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1553201","display_name":"LED lamp","level":2,"score":0.6112759113311768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.5242093801498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221836","display_name":"Flash (photography)","level":2,"score":0.5201016664505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.5178940296173096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4871382415294647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4386943280696869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3713817596435547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3425114154815674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3326454758644104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61696701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770766","display_name":"Engineering physics","level":1,"score":0.3215627670288086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.30967003107070923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.29427480697631836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128019096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83341","display_name":"Liquid-crystal display","level":2,"score":0.09459000825881958}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2013.2274911","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2013.2274911","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8799999952316284}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1601036094","https://openalex.org/W1970876460","https://openalex.org/W1975146320","https://openalex.org/W1976376105","https://openalex.org/W1979058536","https://openalex.org/W1981342931","https://openalex.org/W1992075996","https://openalex.org/W2000210757","https://openalex.org/W2007930532","https://openalex.org/W2009891531","https://openalex.org/W2011524363","https://openalex.org/W2042916342","https://openalex.org/W2048012051","https://openalex.org/W2060681255","https://openalex.org/W2061179520","https://openalex.org/W2069099261","https://openalex.org/W2072329721","https://openalex.org/W2079138283","https://openalex.org/W2081207018","https://openalex.org/W2091938714","https://openalex.org/W2098438502","https://openalex.org/W2119392370","https://openalex.org/W2483375165","https://openalex.org/W3040993812","https://openalex.org/W6722273216","https://openalex.org/W6780480668"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2350623866","https://openalex.org/W1559772552","https://openalex.org/W1980532759","https://openalex.org/W1964137532","https://openalex.org/W1981551623","https://openalex.org/W3198452204","https://openalex.org/W1991825566","https://openalex.org/W2064395564","https://openalex.org/W2041934489"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"demonstration":[1],"of":[2,22,67,80,114,123],"direct":[3],"bandgap":[4],"alloy":[5],"semiconductor":[6],"(GaAsP)":[7],"visible":[8],"(red)":[9],"emitters":[10],"by":[11],"Nick":[12],"Holonyak":[13],"at":[14],"General":[15],"Electric":[16],"in":[17,78],"1962":[18],"began":[19],"the":[20,53,58,61,101,107,115,121,130],"evolution":[21,59],"high-brightness":[23,27],"LED":[24],"technology.":[25],"Today,":[26],"LEDs":[28,83,96],"are":[29,84,97],"a":[30],"growing":[31],"$12":[32],"billion":[33],"business":[34],"with":[35,65,76],"applications":[36],"which":[37,56,119],"include":[38],"traffic":[39],"signals,":[40],"automobiles,":[41],"camera":[42],"flash,":[43],"display":[44],"backlighting,":[45],"and":[46],"general":[47,91,105],"illumination.":[48],"This":[49],"paper":[50],"will":[51,110],"discuss":[52],"key":[54],"developments":[55],"enabled":[57],"from":[60],"early":[62],"red":[63],"device":[64],"performance":[66,77],"less":[68],"than":[69],"0.1":[70],"lumen/watt":[71],"(lm/W)":[72],"to":[73,99],"today's":[74],"devices":[75],"excess":[79],"100":[81],"lm/W.":[82],"now":[85],"replacing":[86],"conventional":[87],"light":[88],"sources":[89],"for":[90,104,129],"lighting":[92],"applications.":[93],"By":[94],"2020,":[95],"expected":[98],"be":[100,111],"dominant":[102],"technology":[103],"illumination;":[106],"energy":[108],"savings":[109],"around":[112],"10%":[113],"total":[116],"electricity":[117],"utilized,":[118],"is":[120],"equivalent":[122],"50":[124],"large":[125],"nuclear":[126],"power":[127],"plants":[128],"United":[131],"States":[132],"alone.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}