{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2106095410","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2013.2263616","title":"Maxwell's equations [Scanning Our Past]","display_name":"Maxwell's equations [Scanning Our Past]","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-06-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2106095410","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2013.2263616","mag":"2106095410"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2013.2263616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2013.2263616","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5/6532325/06532357.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5/6532325/06532357.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034292130","display_name":"Graham A. Turnbull","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2132-7091"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102298084","display_name":"Andrews University","ror":"https://ror.org/04aaa2n62","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102298084"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16835326","display_name":"University of St Andrews","ror":"https://ror.org/02wn5qz54","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"G. Turnbull","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland","University of St Andrews, St Andrews,,UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102298084","https://openalex.org/I16835326"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of St Andrews, St Andrews,,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034292130"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102298084","https://openalex.org/I16835326"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.09979709,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"101","issue":"7","first_page":"1801","last_page":"1805"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13650","display_name":"Computational Physics and Python Applications","score":0.06499999761581421,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13650","display_name":"Computational Physics and Python Applications","score":0.06499999761581421,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetism","display_name":"Electromagnetism","score":0.7980011105537415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaps","display_name":"LEAPS","score":0.7496609091758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maxwells-equations","display_name":"Maxwell's equations","score":0.6936507225036621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.5598250031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.43425697088241577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-field-solver","display_name":"Electromagnetic field solver","score":0.4134773910045624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4045945405960083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-physics","display_name":"Theoretical physics","score":0.3951866030693054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.387540727853775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3380662798881531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-field","display_name":"Electromagnetic field","score":0.32865461707115173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.30789995193481445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classical-mechanics","display_name":"Classical mechanics","score":0.1560957431793213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inhomogeneous-electromagnetic-wave-equation","display_name":"Inhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation","score":0.12412887811660767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-field","display_name":"Optical field","score":0.07780945301055908}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91748784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11406","display_name":"Electromagnetism","level":2,"score":0.7980011105537415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777705401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6457570","display_name":"LEAPS","level":2,"score":0.7496609091758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59282198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51501","display_name":"Maxwell's equations","level":2,"score":0.6936507225036621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.5598250031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.43425697088241577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137009469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5358083","display_name":"Electromagnetic field solver","level":5,"score":0.4134773910045624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4045945405960083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.3951866030693054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.387540727853775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3380662798881531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28843909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177625","display_name":"Electromagnetic field","level":2,"score":0.32865461707115173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.30789995193481445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.1560957431793213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76969448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6033855","display_name":"Inhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation","level":4,"score":0.12412887811660767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154452299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098853","display_name":"Optical field","level":3,"score":0.07780945301055908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553","display_name":"Financial economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2013.2263616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2013.2263616","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5/6532325/06532357.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2013.2263616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2013.2263616","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5/6532325/06532357.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2106095410.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2106095410.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2156805493","https://openalex.org/W2363504155","https://openalex.org/W2106095410","https://openalex.org/W2784780717","https://openalex.org/W4207046816","https://openalex.org/W2039183770","https://openalex.org/W1981003209","https://openalex.org/W20383171","https://openalex.org/W3127388695","https://openalex.org/W4308088903"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Maxwell's":[0,39],"equations":[1,40],"provide":[2],"a":[3],"complete":[4],"description":[5],"of":[6,33,45,72,81,92,99],"electromagnetic":[7],"phenomena":[8],"and":[9,14,36,53,64,79,84],"underpin":[10],"all":[11,51],"modern":[12],"information":[13],"communication":[15],"technologies.":[16],"They":[17],"are":[18,41],"named":[19],"after":[20],"James":[21],"Clerk":[22],"Maxwell,":[23,93],"the":[24,31,42,77,87,96,100,104,111,118],"Scottish":[25],"physicist":[26],"whose":[27],"pioneering":[28],"work":[29],"unified":[30],"theories":[32],"electricity,":[34],"magnetism,":[35],"light.":[37],"Today,":[38],"essential":[43],"tool":[44],"electrical":[46,52,115],"engineers,":[47,85],"used":[48],"to":[49,59,62,67],"design":[50],"electronic":[54],"equipment":[55],"from":[56],"cell":[57],"phones":[58],"satellites,":[60],"televisions":[61],"computers,":[63],"power":[65],"stations":[66],"washing":[68],"machines.":[69],"The":[70],"theory":[71],"electromagnetism":[73],"was":[74,90],"built":[75],"on":[76],"discoveries":[78],"advances":[80,113],"many":[82],"scientists":[83],"but":[86],"pivotal":[88],"contribution":[89],"that":[91,108],"who":[94],"during":[95],"second":[97],"half":[98],"19th":[101],"century":[102],"made":[103],"huge":[105],"conceptual":[106],"leaps":[107],"would":[109],"enable":[110],"great":[112],"in":[114],"technology":[116],"throughout":[117],"20th":[119],"century.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
