{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1977992720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2012.2189803","title":"Autonomous Ground Vehicles\u2014Concepts and a Path to the Future","display_name":"Autonomous Ground Vehicles\u2014Concepts and a Path to the Future","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-04-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1977992720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2012.2189803","mag":"1977992720"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2012.2189803","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2012.2189803","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016189127","display_name":"Thorsten Luettel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40527276","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05kkv3f82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315109972","https://openalex.org/I40527276","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Luettel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Autonomous Systems Technology (TAS), Bundeswehr University of Munich, Neubiberg, Germany","Inst. for Autonomous Syst. Technol. (TAS), Univ. of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Autonomous Systems Technology (TAS), Bundeswehr University of Munich, Neubiberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. for Autonomous Syst. Technol. (TAS), Univ. of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061746927","display_name":"Michael Himmelsbach","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40527276","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05kkv3f82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315109972","https://openalex.org/I40527276","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Himmelsbach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Autonomous Systems Technology (TAS), Bundeswehr University of Munich, Neubiberg, Germany","Inst. for Autonomous Syst. Technol. (TAS), Univ. of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Autonomous Systems Technology (TAS), Bundeswehr University of Munich, Neubiberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. for Autonomous Syst. Technol. (TAS), Univ. of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109250847","display_name":"Hans\u2010Joachim Wuensche","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40527276","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t der Bundeswehr M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05kkv3f82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315109972","https://openalex.org/I40527276","https://openalex.org/I4387152969"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hans-Joachim Wuensche","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Autonomous Systems Technology (TAS), Bundeswehr University of Munich, Neubiberg, Germany","Inst. for Autonomous Syst. Technol. (TAS), Univ. of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Autonomous Systems Technology (TAS), Bundeswehr University of Munich, Neubiberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. for Autonomous Syst. Technol. (TAS), Univ. of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40527276"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":27.1106,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":333,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99691067,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"100","issue":"Special Centennial Issue","first_page":"1831","last_page":"1839"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10586","display_name":"Robotic Path Planning Algorithms","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.984499990940094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multitude","display_name":"Multitude","score":0.6219686269760132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision-avoidance","display_name":"Collision avoidance","score":0.5862818360328674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-efficiency","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","score":0.5233701467514038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.4979288578033447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48666220903396606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4111323356628418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.3711504340171814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision","display_name":"Collision","score":0.3342031240463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.29278069734573364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2213822603225708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.199604332447052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.18711689114570618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.07137009501457214}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780565519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1208937","display_name":"Multitude","level":2,"score":0.6219686269760132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780864053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5147495","display_name":"Collision avoidance","level":3,"score":0.5862818360328674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45882903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042317","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","level":2,"score":0.5233701467514038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.4979288578033447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48666220903396606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4111323356628418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3711504340171814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121704057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352070","display_name":"Collision","level":2,"score":0.3342031240463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.29278069734573364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2213822603225708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.199604332447052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.18711689114570618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.07137009501457214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2012.2189803","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2012.2189803","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.471.6003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.471.6003","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.mucar3.de/bib/thlu/luettel2012ieeeproc.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W33043857","https://openalex.org/W100401109","https://openalex.org/W106066765","https://openalex.org/W1498681823","https://openalex.org/W1502708081","https://openalex.org/W1520890549","https://openalex.org/W1628152601","https://openalex.org/W1855113498","https://openalex.org/W1970416740","https://openalex.org/W1972219252","https://openalex.org/W2021063678","https://openalex.org/W2030033768","https://openalex.org/W2047954612","https://openalex.org/W2055207897","https://openalex.org/W2082252833","https://openalex.org/W2101815586","https://openalex.org/W2102104695","https://openalex.org/W2115826585","https://openalex.org/W2121806728","https://openalex.org/W2123224489","https://openalex.org/W2135586417","https://openalex.org/W2139137304","https://openalex.org/W2146511219","https://openalex.org/W2150292516","https://openalex.org/W2154844948","https://openalex.org/W2157685395","https://openalex.org/W2165258106","https://openalex.org/W2167171215","https://openalex.org/W2168594822","https://openalex.org/W2171008136","https://openalex.org/W2406067508","https://openalex.org/W2673215709","https://openalex.org/W2743565018","https://openalex.org/W2760981468","https://openalex.org/W4235740860","https://openalex.org/W4293682399","https://openalex.org/W6601329529","https://openalex.org/W6604307919","https://openalex.org/W6640274223","https://openalex.org/W6642919136"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2417432647","https://openalex.org/W2371114124","https://openalex.org/W2168950483","https://openalex.org/W1858324360","https://openalex.org/W1975110769","https://openalex.org/W2378535610","https://openalex.org/W4213029470","https://openalex.org/W1819938260","https://openalex.org/W2340892746","https://openalex.org/W3005999311"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autonomous":[0],"vehicles":[1,55],"promise":[2],"numerous":[3],"improvements":[4],"to":[5,28,37,56,77,97],"vehicular":[6],"traffic:":[7],"an":[8,83,109],"increase":[9],"in":[10,59,63,71,90],"both":[11],"highway":[12],"capacity":[13],"and":[14,25,32,74],"traffic":[15,61],"flow":[16],"because":[17],"of":[18,69,85,115],"faster":[19],"response":[20],"times,":[21],"less":[22],"fuel":[23],"consumption":[24],"pollution":[26],"thanks":[27,36],"more":[29,48],"foresighted":[30],"driving,":[31],"hopefully":[33],"fewer":[34],"accidents":[35],"collision":[38],"avoidance":[39],"systems.":[40],"In":[41,51],"addition,":[42],"drivers":[43],"can":[44],"save":[45],"time":[46],"for":[47,53],"useful":[49],"activities.":[50],"order":[52],"these":[54],"safely":[57],"operate":[58],"everyday":[60],"or":[62],"harsh":[64],"off-road":[65],"environments,":[66],"a":[67],"multitude":[68],"problems":[70],"perception,":[72],"navigation,":[73],"control":[75],"have":[76],"be":[78],"solved.":[79],"This":[80],"paper":[81],"gives":[82],"overview":[84],"the":[86,94,112],"most":[87,98],"current":[88],"trends":[89],"autonomous":[91,116],"vehicles,":[92],"highlighting":[93],"concepts":[95],"common":[96],"successful":[99],"systems":[100],"as":[101,103],"well":[102],"their":[104],"differences.":[105],"It":[106],"concludes":[107],"with":[108],"outlook":[110],"into":[111],"promising":[113],"future":[114],"vehicles.":[117]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}