{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2158914121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2012.2189792","title":"Cyber\u2013Physical Systems: A Perspective at the Centennial","display_name":"Cyber\u2013Physical Systems: A Perspective at the Centennial","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-04-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2158914121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2012.2189792","mag":"2158914121"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2012.2189792","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2012.2189792","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001065565","display_name":"Kyoung-Dae Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2631-1993"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kyoung-Dae Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107699893","display_name":"P. R. Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0389-5367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. R. Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001065565"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":45.4481,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":758,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99933081,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"100","issue":"Special Centennial Issue","first_page":"1287","last_page":"1308"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.8324077129364014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centennial","display_name":"Centennial","score":0.6568338871002197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6332508325576782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5447046756744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.48515257239341736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-system-security","display_name":"Control system security","score":0.4550822675228119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.4486817419528961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.44136589765548706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-system","display_name":"Physical system","score":0.4299302101135254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.42690667510032654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.41457268595695496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4062255620956421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2350245714187622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2030334174633026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.15925812721252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.12859243154525757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10223814845085144}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.8324077129364014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778086194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48995876","display_name":"Centennial","level":2,"score":0.6568338871002197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6332508325576782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5447046756744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.48515257239341736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172862783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165888","display_name":"Control system security","level":5,"score":0.4550822675228119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.4486817419528961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.44136589765548706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116672817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1454986","display_name":"Physical system","level":2,"score":0.4299302101135254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.42690667510032654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.41457268595695496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4062255620956421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2350245714187622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2030334174633026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.15925812721252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.12859243154525757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10223814845085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117110713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3394676","display_name":"Network security policy","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29983905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445066","display_name":"Security service","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2012.2189792","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2012.2189792","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":282,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W36750305","https://openalex.org/W42839165","https://openalex.org/W105181866","https://openalex.org/W183135530","https://openalex.org/W195587297","https://openalex.org/W203886133","https://openalex.org/W258022877","https://openalex.org/W261018696","https://openalex.org/W317521241","https://openalex.org/W573001849","https://openalex.org/W595280405","https://openalex.org/W629793771","https://openalex.org/W630423399","https://openalex.org/W1483893502","https://openalex.org/W1489501223","https://openalex.org/W1499853177","https://openalex.org/W1503973138","https://openalex.org/W1509885357","https://openalex.org/W1510918931","https://openalex.org/W1527422375","https://openalex.org/W1533503276","https://openalex.org/W1535136082","https://openalex.org/W1541147090","https://openalex.org/W1547562281","https://openalex.org/W1552094772","https://openalex.org/W1557652964","https://openalex.org/W1565544898","https://openalex.org/W1569692898","https://openalex.org/W1582697028","https://openalex.org/W1587663028","https://openalex.org/W1599664487","https://openalex.org/W1600066860","https://openalex.org/W1600235415","https://openalex.org/W1649645444","https://openalex.org/W1685524015","https://openalex.org/W1712248731","https://openalex.org/W1918250237","https://openalex.org/W1925303552","https://openalex.org/W1966126529","https://openalex.org/W1967091946","https://openalex.org/W1975051432","https://openalex.org/W1975630497","https://openalex.org/W1976464463","https://openalex.org/W1978848993","https://openalex.org/W1981629070","https://openalex.org/W1985441584","https://openalex.org/W1990715400","https://openalex.org/W1992185863","https://openalex.org/W1994368767","https://openalex.org/W1994504402","https://openalex.org/W1994980566","https://openalex.org/W1995691455","https://openalex.org/W1996195522","https://openalex.org/W1997751778","https://openalex.org/W2000642048","https://openalex.org/W2000947342","https://openalex.org/W2001948795","https://openalex.org/W2002016612","https://openalex.org/W2002217769","https://openalex.org/W2002501531","https://openalex.org/W2004463571","https://openalex.org/W2008151824","https://openalex.org/W2011118332","https://openalex.org/W2011811131","https://openalex.org/W2011979623","https://openalex.org/W2012912569","https://openalex.org/W2013548638","https://openalex.org/W2014019774","https://openalex.org/W2019116530","https://openalex.org/W2019826771","https://openalex.org/W2020466691","https://openalex.org/W2022406843","https://openalex.org/W2022456395","https://openalex.org/W2025585405","https://openalex.org/W2026627614","https://openalex.org/W2027515139","https://openalex.org/W2029333318","https://openalex.org/W2035902142","https://openalex.org/W2038837798","https://openalex.org/W2041938674","https://openalex.org/W2042835403","https://openalex.org/W2042979415","https://openalex.org/W2044323243","https://openalex.org/W2044463389","https://openalex.org/W2047276487","https://openalex.org/W2049462406","https://openalex.org/W2052334067","https://openalex.org/W2053269541","https://openalex.org/W2053863894","https://openalex.org/W2054161434","https://openalex.org/W2055148782","https://openalex.org/W2055960145","https://openalex.org/W2056451850","https://openalex.org/W2056459334","https://openalex.org/W2056671060","https://openalex.org/W2060095702","https://openalex.org/W2060284851","https://openalex.org/W2060369194","https://openalex.org/W2061639349","https://openalex.org/W2061659496","https://openalex.org/W2062389527","https://openalex.org/W2062974796","https://openalex.org/W2063199471","https://openalex.org/W2064383595","https://openalex.org/W2065169455","https://openalex.org/W2065834973","https://openalex.org/W2066260126","https://openalex.org/W2069525910","https://openalex.org/W2069596224","https://openalex.org/W2071801393","https://openalex.org/W2075338269","https://openalex.org/W2079042739","https://openalex.org/W2081938726","https://openalex.org/W2083402998","https://openalex.org/W2086481191","https://openalex.org/W2086748818","https://openalex.org/W2090690502","https://openalex.org/W2091769923","https://openalex.org/W2093100591","https://openalex.org/W2093582532","https://openalex.org/W2094636498","https://openalex.org/W2095216716","https://openalex.org/W2095647873","https://openalex.org/W2097657196","https://openalex.org/W2099714119","https://openalex.org/W2100436211","https://openalex.org/W2100500718","https://openalex.org/W2101064320","https://openalex.org/W2101508170","https://openalex.org/W2102166244","https://openalex.org/W2104231831","https://openalex.org/W2104443140","https://openalex.org/W2104963367","https://openalex.org/W2105408916","https://openalex.org/W2107851898","https://openalex.org/W2107872611","https://openalex.org/W2107876485","https://openalex.org/W2109039029","https://openalex.org/W2109118153","https://openalex.org/W2109488193","https://openalex.org/W2111214825","https://openalex.org/W2111990577","https://openalex.org/W2114578185","https://openalex.org/W2115118348","https://openalex.org/W2115551261","https://openalex.org/W2116089238","https://openalex.org/W2117079884","https://openalex.org/W2117218135","https://openalex.org/W2117834360","https://openalex.org/W2118824103","https://openalex.org/W2118898228","https://openalex.org/W2119336214","https://openalex.org/W2120423655","https://openalex.org/W2121084490","https://openalex.org/W2121784623","https://openalex.org/W2121845960","https://openalex.org/W2122161467","https://openalex.org/W2122368713","https://openalex.org/W2123976939","https://openalex.org/W2123990969","https://openalex.org/W2124778357","https://openalex.org/W2125174515","https://openalex.org/W2125369456","https://openalex.org/W2127036198","https://openalex.org/W2127949150","https://openalex.org/W2128969277","https://openalex.org/W2129119419","https://openalex.org/W2130597504","https://openalex.org/W2131441094","https://openalex.org/W2131553355","https://openalex.org/W2132549513","https://openalex.org/W2133354309","https://openalex.org/W2134345746","https://openalex.org/W2134591574","https://openalex.org/W2135505702","https://openalex.org/W2137002893","https://openalex.org/W2137784941","https://openalex.org/W2140227342","https://openalex.org/W2140936050","https://openalex.org/W2140987300","https://openalex.org/W2142044905","https://openalex.org/W2144801427","https://openalex.org/W2146915744","https://openalex.org/W2147340401","https://openalex.org/W2147341361","https://openalex.org/W2148995108","https://openalex.org/W2149713648","https://openalex.org/W2150847784","https://openalex.org/W2151037467","https://openalex.org/W2152520525","https://openalex.org/W2152533774","https://openalex.org/W2154056071","https://openalex.org/W2154070997","https://openalex.org/W2155024125","https://openalex.org/W2155529449","https://openalex.org/W2156216606","https://openalex.org/W2156971172","https://openalex.org/W2157076370","https://openalex.org/W2157082372","https://openalex.org/W2157802959","https://openalex.org/W2158565632","https://openalex.org/W2159065719","https://openalex.org/W2159461839","https://openalex.org/W2159535726","https://openalex.org/W2159715570","https://openalex.org/W2160293203","https://openalex.org/W2162052349","https://openalex.org/W2162388712","https://openalex.org/W2163012480","https://openalex.org/W2163356902","https://openalex.org/W2163590987","https://openalex.org/W2163661874","https://openalex.org/W2163722763","https://openalex.org/W2164231325","https://openalex.org/W2164651000","https://openalex.org/W2164894752","https://openalex.org/W2164988150","https://openalex.org/W2165155874","https://openalex.org/W2165203881","https://openalex.org/W2166222448","https://openalex.org/W2166531037","https://openalex.org/W2167264214","https://openalex.org/W2167754005","https://openalex.org/W2169391736","https://openalex.org/W2169630160","https://openalex.org/W2170513023","https://openalex.org/W2170600460","https://openalex.org/W2172003140","https://openalex.org/W2176215692","https://openalex.org/W2227006551","https://openalex.org/W2232659885","https://openalex.org/W2232887944","https://openalex.org/W2334591577","https://openalex.org/W2341171179","https://openalex.org/W2401135644","https://openalex.org/W2487779201","https://openalex.org/W2554049453","https://openalex.org/W2556022294","https://openalex.org/W2622540447","https://openalex.org/W2887053799","https://openalex.org/W2913459036","https://openalex.org/W2953364454","https://openalex.org/W2961703895","https://openalex.org/W2963459078","https://openalex.org/W2980070341","https://openalex.org/W3004973297","https://openalex.org/W3022429701","https://openalex.org/W3099497738","https://openalex.org/W3147213969","https://openalex.org/W3168224710","https://openalex.org/W3206777520","https://openalex.org/W3215831249","https://openalex.org/W4206928837","https://openalex.org/W4213122800","https://openalex.org/W4230200944","https://openalex.org/W4230622395","https://openalex.org/W4237887724","https://openalex.org/W4240896209","https://openalex.org/W4250847818","https://openalex.org/W4253695808","https://openalex.org/W4255141467","https://openalex.org/W4297744580","https://openalex.org/W6601452261","https://openalex.org/W6604201397","https://openalex.org/W6608219759","https://openalex.org/W6629978691","https://openalex.org/W6633805332","https://openalex.org/W6634901143","https://openalex.org/W6637727656","https://openalex.org/W6649502603","https://openalex.org/W6657773414","https://openalex.org/W6662227430","https://openalex.org/W6666843263","https://openalex.org/W6667908228","https://openalex.org/W6674292702","https://openalex.org/W6675798704","https://openalex.org/W6676039858","https://openalex.org/W6676384532","https://openalex.org/W6681873037","https://openalex.org/W6682865904","https://openalex.org/W6807190441","https://openalex.org/W6832756268"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2994120531","https://openalex.org/W2108326965","https://openalex.org/W2086962923","https://openalex.org/W2756692340","https://openalex.org/W3099113830","https://openalex.org/W4229048927","https://openalex.org/W190251865","https://openalex.org/W3017360834","https://openalex.org/W2133522624","https://openalex.org/W3094048663"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cyber-physical":[0],"systems":[1,9,28],"(CPSs)":[2],"are":[3,17],"the":[4,94],"next":[5],"generation":[6],"of":[7,50,54,60],"engineered":[8,27],"in":[10,29,52,70,98],"which":[11],"computing,":[12,82],"communication,":[13],"and":[14,38,89],"control":[15,61],"technologies":[16,55],"tightly":[18],"integrated.":[19],"Research":[20],"on":[21,68],"CPSs":[22,69,97],"is":[23],"fundamentally":[24],"important":[25,31,101],"for":[26,57,96],"many":[30,71,99],"application":[32,102],"domains":[33,74],"such":[34,75],"as":[35,63,65,76],"transportation,":[36],"energy,":[37],"medical":[39],"systems.":[40],"We":[41,92],"overview":[42],"CPS":[43],"research":[44,73],"from":[45],"both":[46],"a":[47],"historical":[48],"point":[49],"view":[51],"terms":[53],"developed":[56],"early":[58],"generations":[59],"systems,":[62,80],"well":[64],"recent":[66],"results":[67],"relevant":[72],"networked":[77],"control,":[78],"hybrid":[79],"real-time":[81,83],"networking,":[84],"wireless":[85],"sensor":[86],"networks,":[87],"security,":[88],"model-driven":[90],"development.":[91],"outline":[93],"potential":[95],"societally":[100],"domains.":[103]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":61},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":75},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":90},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":87},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":82},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":69},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}