{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2157078218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2011.2161428","title":"Cyber\u2013Physical Security of a Smart Grid Infrastructure","display_name":"Cyber\u2013Physical Security of a Smart Grid Infrastructure","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-09-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2157078218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2011.2161428","mag":"2157078218"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2011.2161428","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2011.2161428","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018443722","display_name":"Yilin Mo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7937-6737"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yilin Mo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062754827","display_name":"Tiffany Hyun\u2010Jin Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiffany Hyun-Jin Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000745973","display_name":"Kenneth Brancik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2948394018","display_name":"Northrop Grumman (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05kewds18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2948394018"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Brancik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northrop Grumman Corporation, McLean, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northrop Grumman Corporation, McLean, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2948394018"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110205394","display_name":"D. C. Dickinson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2948394018","display_name":"Northrop Grumman (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05kewds18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2948394018"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Dickinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northrop Grumman Corporation, McLean, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northrop Grumman Corporation, McLean, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2948394018"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101630726","display_name":"Heejo Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5831-0787"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197347611","display_name":"Korea University","ror":"https://ror.org/047dqcg40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}],"countries":["KR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heejo Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["CyLab, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","Division of Computer and Communication Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CyLab, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Computer and Communication Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197347611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056518136","display_name":"Adrian Perrig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5280-5412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Perrig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006051783","display_name":"Bruno Sinopoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5778-4879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Sinopoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018443722"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":78.1425,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1086,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99958523,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"100","issue":"1","first_page":"195","last_page":"209"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7796727418899536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6768197417259216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6262860298156738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.6162558794021606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.6073152422904968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5469846129417419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-security","display_name":"Physical security","score":0.4664817452430725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-infrastructure","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","score":0.41450372338294983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1705302596092224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7796727418899536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6768197417259216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6262860298156738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.6162558794021606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.6073152422904968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5469846129417419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776157020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851598","display_name":"Physical security","level":2,"score":0.4664817452430725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29852176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373338","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","level":2,"score":0.41450372338294983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1705302596092224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2011.2161428","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2011.2161428","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.409.481","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.409.481","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~brunos/Publications/ieee_proceedings_2012.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.459.4541","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.459.4541","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://sciencewar.korea.ac.kr/pds/PIEEE12.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W243364245","https://openalex.org/W1506072823","https://openalex.org/W1592657892","https://openalex.org/W1598852905","https://openalex.org/W1972565341","https://openalex.org/W1973309971","https://openalex.org/W1975635104","https://openalex.org/W1979382254","https://openalex.org/W1980256734","https://openalex.org/W1988375025","https://openalex.org/W1999562671","https://openalex.org/W2001464395","https://openalex.org/W2005028112","https://openalex.org/W2021042716","https://openalex.org/W2038651258","https://openalex.org/W2038865613","https://openalex.org/W2043504176","https://openalex.org/W2052334067","https://openalex.org/W2095975429","https://openalex.org/W2099308299","https://openalex.org/W2099613071","https://openalex.org/W2101682525","https://openalex.org/W2118406191","https://openalex.org/W2137999695","https://openalex.org/W2167285615","https://openalex.org/W2168662357","https://openalex.org/W2400418686","https://openalex.org/W2555431798","https://openalex.org/W2618713725","https://openalex.org/W6609413134","https://openalex.org/W6712306037"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2768554084","https://openalex.org/W3039758316","https://openalex.org/W2803684864","https://openalex.org/W2785394676","https://openalex.org/W2089917086","https://openalex.org/W3081690521","https://openalex.org/W4318483655","https://openalex.org/W4292554283","https://openalex.org/W2294562132","https://openalex.org/W2954899614"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,148],"often":[2,32],"appealing":[3],"to":[4,13,67,120,150],"assume":[5],"that":[6,43,63],"existing":[7],"solutions":[8],"can":[9],"be":[10],"directly":[11],"applied":[12],"emerging":[14],"engineering":[15],"domains.":[16],"Unfortunately,":[17],"careful":[18],"investigation":[19],"of":[20,57,70,99,154],"the":[21,44,68,100,122,131,138,141,145,152],"unique":[22],"challenges":[23,123],"presented":[24],"by":[25,125,137],"new":[26,34,58,77,93],"domains":[27],"exposes":[28],"its":[29,48],"idiosyncrasies,":[30],"thus":[31],"requiring":[33,96],"approaches":[35,66,108],"and":[36,51,86,89,104,144],"solutions.":[37],"In":[38],"this":[39,76],"paper,":[40],"we":[41],"argue":[42],"\u201csmart\u201d":[45],"grid,":[46],"replacing":[47],"incredibly":[49],"successful":[50],"reliable":[52],"predecessor,":[53],"poses":[54],"a":[55,97,155],"series":[56],"security":[59,94,107],"challenges,":[60],"among":[61],"others,":[62],"require":[64],"novel":[65],"field":[69,78],"cyber":[71],"security.":[72,80],"We":[73],"will":[74],"call":[75],"cyber-physical":[79],"The":[81],"tight":[82],"coupling":[83],"between":[84],"information":[85],"communication":[87],"technologies":[88],"physical":[90],"systems":[91],"introduces":[92],"concerns,":[95],"rethinking":[98],"commonly":[101],"used":[102],"objectives":[103],"methods.":[105],"Existing":[106],"are":[109],"either":[110],"inapplicable,":[111],"not":[112],"viable,":[113],"insufficiently":[114],"scalable,":[115],"incompatible,":[116],"or":[117],"simply":[118],"inadequate":[119],"address":[121],"posed":[124],"highly":[126],"complex":[127],"environments":[128],"such":[129],"as":[130],"smart":[132,157],"grid.":[133],"A":[134],"concerted":[135],"effort":[136],"entire":[139],"industry,":[140],"research":[142],"community,":[143],"policy":[146],"makers":[147],"required":[149],"achieve":[151],"vision":[153],"secure":[156],"grid":[158],"infrastructure.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":51},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":59},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":86},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":108},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":139},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":129},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":119},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":92},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":81},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":24}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}