{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2010635096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2009.2035453","title":"Ultralow-Power Design in Near-Threshold Region","display_name":"Ultralow-Power Design in Near-Threshold Region","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-01-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2010635096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2009.2035453","mag":"2010635096"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2009.2035453","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2009.2035453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003700236","display_name":"Dejan Markovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6744-7531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Markovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, Los Angeles, CA, USA","Electr. Eng. Dept., Univ. of California Los Angeles, CA, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electr. Eng. Dept., Univ. of California Los Angeles, CA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004802091","display_name":"C.C. Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C.C. Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, Los Angeles, CA, USA","Electr. Eng. Dept., Univ. of California Los Angeles, CA, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, University of California, San Diego, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electr. Eng. Dept., Univ. of California Los Angeles, CA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064490279","display_name":"Louis P. Alarc\u00f3n","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L.P. Alarcon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, San Diego, Berkeley, CA, USA","Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California , Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, San Diego, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California , Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066241253","display_name":"Tsung-Te Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5433-9830"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tsung-Te Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, San Diego, Berkeley, CA, USA","Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California , Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, San Diego, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California , Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088933304","display_name":"Jan M. Rabaey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6290-4855"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.M. Rabaey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, San Diego, Berkeley, CA, USA","Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California , Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California, San Diego, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California , Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":30.539,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":366,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99774813,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"98","issue":"2","first_page":"237","last_page":"252"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subthreshold-conduction","display_name":"Subthreshold conduction","score":0.9156639575958252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threshold-voltage","display_name":"Threshold voltage","score":0.6202386617660522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transistor","display_name":"Transistor","score":0.5888075828552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inversion","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","score":0.5716374516487122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.5502611398696899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5226066708564758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.4967959225177765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sizing","display_name":"Sizing","score":0.46720120310783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.44357287883758545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexer","display_name":"Multiplexer","score":0.4354114830493927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.43410611152648926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4269545078277588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-gate","display_name":"Logic gate","score":0.4227990210056305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.3917379081249237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexing","display_name":"Multiplexing","score":0.2869655191898346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25623250007629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.21308085322380066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20839330554008484}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156465305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1658601","display_name":"Subthreshold conduction","level":4,"score":0.9156639575958252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195370968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754002","display_name":"Threshold voltage","level":4,"score":0.6202386617660522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.5888075828552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1893757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3653001","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","level":3,"score":0.5716374516487122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.5502611398696899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5226066708564758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4967959225177765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777767291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1080291","display_name":"Sizing","level":2,"score":0.46720120310783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.44357287883758545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70970002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189434","display_name":"Multiplexer","level":3,"score":0.4354114830493927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.43410611152648926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4269545078277588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.4227990210056305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.3917379081249237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.2869655191898346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25623250007629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.21308085322380066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20839330554008484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109007969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565","display_name":"Structural basin","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2009.2035453","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2009.2035453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W160671272","https://openalex.org/W275470402","https://openalex.org/W1541963660","https://openalex.org/W1573913591","https://openalex.org/W1575475488","https://openalex.org/W1607087355","https://openalex.org/W1951967697","https://openalex.org/W1967171495","https://openalex.org/W2037921569","https://openalex.org/W2048814237","https://openalex.org/W2067171864","https://openalex.org/W2079826846","https://openalex.org/W2088115909","https://openalex.org/W2089764054","https://openalex.org/W2101166324","https://openalex.org/W2107996516","https://openalex.org/W2130914360","https://openalex.org/W2133896241","https://openalex.org/W2134067926","https://openalex.org/W2145148378","https://openalex.org/W2145484487","https://openalex.org/W2149009819","https://openalex.org/W2153677786","https://openalex.org/W2155304852","https://openalex.org/W2159448186","https://openalex.org/W2161811773","https://openalex.org/W2162690634","https://openalex.org/W2166963872","https://openalex.org/W2169065640","https://openalex.org/W2171048434","https://openalex.org/W2416951468","https://openalex.org/W2918863942","https://openalex.org/W3031294392","https://openalex.org/W3147394427","https://openalex.org/W4231538780","https://openalex.org/W4233615322","https://openalex.org/W4235212482","https://openalex.org/W4243899494","https://openalex.org/W4243931922","https://openalex.org/W6640935890"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2009852498","https://openalex.org/W1991521745","https://openalex.org/W2109147260","https://openalex.org/W4220771873","https://openalex.org/W2786811717","https://openalex.org/W2069364674","https://openalex.org/W2062767191","https://openalex.org/W2000425643","https://openalex.org/W2105853365","https://openalex.org/W3026133845"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Operation":[0,161],"in":[1,15,26,82,93,109,119,132,146,159,200],"the":[2,13,27,44,54,78,112,147,191,194],"subthreshold":[3],"region":[4,30,85,95,135],"most":[5,142],"often":[6],"is":[7,17,61,86,136,167],"synonymous":[8],"to":[9,32,43,156,177,187],"minimum-energy":[10,45,113,163],"operation.":[11],"Yet,":[12],"penalty":[14],"performance":[16,81],"huge.":[18],"In":[19,169],"this":[20,83,133],"paper,":[21],"we":[22],"explore":[23],"how":[24],"design":[25,68,198],"moderate":[28],"inversion":[29,59],"helps":[31],"recover":[33],"some":[34,99],"of":[35,65,91,143,165,196],"that":[36,51,105,130],"lost":[37],"performance,":[38],"while":[39],"staying":[40],"quite":[41],"close":[42],"point.":[46],"An":[47],"energy-delay":[48],"modeling":[49],"framework":[50],"extends":[52],"over":[53],"weak,":[55],"moderate,":[56],"and":[57,67,74,80],"strong":[58],"regions":[60],"developed.":[62],"The":[63,88,102,138],"impact":[64],"activity":[66],"parameters":[69],"such":[70],"as":[71],"supply":[72],"voltage":[73],"transistor":[75],"sizing":[76],"on":[77,122],"energy":[79,110,184],"operational":[84,134],"derived.":[87],"quantitative":[89],"benefits":[90],"operating":[92],"near-threshold":[94],"are":[96],"established":[97],"using":[98],"simple":[100],"examples.":[101],"paper":[103,192],"shows":[104],"a":[106,125],"20%":[107],"increase":[108],"from":[111],"point":[114,164],"gives":[115],"back":[116],"ten":[117],"times":[118],"performance.":[120],"Based":[121],"these":[123],"observations,":[124],"pass-transistor":[126],"based":[127],"logic":[128,139,145],"family":[129,140],"excels":[131],"introduced.":[137],"operates":[141],"its":[144],"above-threshold":[148],"mode":[149],"(using":[150],"low-threshold":[151],"transistors),":[152],"yet":[153],"containing":[154],"leakage":[155],"only":[157,180],"those":[158],"subthreshold.":[160],"below":[162],"CMOS":[166],"demonstrated.":[168],"leakage-dominated":[170],"ultralow-power":[171,197],"designs,":[172],"time-multiplexing":[173],"will":[174],"be":[175],"shown":[176],"yield":[178],"not":[179],"area,":[181],"but":[182],"also":[183],"reduction":[185],"due":[186],"lower":[188],"leakage.":[189],"Finally,":[190],"demonstrates":[193],"use":[195],"techniques":[199],"chip":[201],"synthesis.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":34}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}