{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1987941722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2009.2020572","title":"The Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array","display_name":"The Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1987941722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2009.2020572","mag":"1987941722"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2009.2020572","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2009.2020572","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0904.3739","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013540967","display_name":"A. Wootten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7026-6099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2609998029","display_name":"National Radio Astronomy Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/04m24yn62","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2609998029","https://openalex.org/I867387847"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. Wootten","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, VA, USA","National Radio Astron. Obs., Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2609998029"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Radio Astron. Obs., Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2609998029"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040636537","display_name":"Alexander Thompson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9971-1504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2609998029","display_name":"National Radio Astronomy Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/04m24yn62","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2609998029","https://openalex.org/I867387847"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.R. Thompson","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, VA, USA","National Radio Astron. Obs., Charlottesville, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2609998029"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Radio Astron. Obs., Charlottesville, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2609998029"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013540967"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2609998029"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.9996,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":495,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97529081,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"97","issue":"8","first_page":"1463","last_page":"1471"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12450","display_name":"Radio Astronomy Observations and Technology","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12450","display_name":"Radio Astronomy Observations and Technology","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10818","display_name":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11803","display_name":"Superconducting and THz Device Technology","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/submillimeter-array","display_name":"Submillimeter Array","score":0.865235447883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/millimeter","display_name":"Millimeter","score":0.8348177671432495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.604012131690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-telescope","display_name":"Radio telescope","score":0.5599238872528076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redshift","display_name":"Redshift","score":0.5342057943344116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galaxy","display_name":"Galaxy","score":0.5219684839248657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telescope","display_name":"Telescope","score":0.473617285490036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-astronomy","display_name":"Radio astronomy","score":0.4735664129257202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferometry","display_name":"Interferometry","score":0.43745851516723633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astronomy","display_name":"Astronomy","score":0.43440717458724976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3657701313495636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astrophysics","display_name":"Astrophysics","score":0.335892915725708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12397128343582153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/star-formation","display_name":"Star formation","score":0.09914350509643555}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777158746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1205241","display_name":"Submillimeter Array","level":4,"score":0.865235447883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109792285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174789","display_name":"Millimeter","level":2,"score":0.8348177671432495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.604012131690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161813005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184356","display_name":"Radio telescope","level":2,"score":0.5599238872528076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33024259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76250","display_name":"Redshift","level":3,"score":0.5342057943344116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.5219684839248657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780848835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4213","display_name":"Telescope","level":2,"score":0.473617285490036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150143219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4306","display_name":"Radio astronomy","level":2,"score":0.4735664129257202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166689943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850283","display_name":"Interferometry","level":2,"score":0.43745851516723633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.43440717458724976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3657701313495636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.335892915725708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12397128343582153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125857072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16744","display_name":"Star formation","level":3,"score":0.09914350509643555}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jproc.2009.2020572","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2009.2020572","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S68686220","display_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","issn_l":"0018-9219","issn":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the IEEE","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:0904.3739","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/0904.3739","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0904.3739","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:0904.3739","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/0904.3739","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0904.3739","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315788","display_name":"National Radio Astronomy Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/04m24yn62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315794","display_name":"Associated Universities","ror":"https://ror.org/03vbz5k97"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W51592604","https://openalex.org/W1633529777","https://openalex.org/W1964584065","https://openalex.org/W2009325091","https://openalex.org/W2020484588","https://openalex.org/W2037521452","https://openalex.org/W2062732492","https://openalex.org/W2069366547","https://openalex.org/W2075464545","https://openalex.org/W2088744859","https://openalex.org/W2091044237","https://openalex.org/W2101107971","https://openalex.org/W2101994485","https://openalex.org/W2113122504","https://openalex.org/W2117271120","https://openalex.org/W2135655855","https://openalex.org/W2136251330","https://openalex.org/W2159812255","https://openalex.org/W2159964382","https://openalex.org/W2162000036","https://openalex.org/W2165412263","https://openalex.org/W2345267357","https://openalex.org/W2724749486","https://openalex.org/W2986674320","https://openalex.org/W2994662313","https://openalex.org/W2995467426","https://openalex.org/W2997922988","https://openalex.org/W3011896129","https://openalex.org/W3023201122","https://openalex.org/W3027522651","https://openalex.org/W3037678868","https://openalex.org/W3102456409","https://openalex.org/W3102679506","https://openalex.org/W4241875583","https://openalex.org/W4242508690","https://openalex.org/W6602069163","https://openalex.org/W6659867700","https://openalex.org/W6774770297"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973600352","https://openalex.org/W1654169274","https://openalex.org/W1665028904","https://openalex.org/W3098097658","https://openalex.org/W3084006385","https://openalex.org/W2812067822","https://openalex.org/W2148589185","https://openalex.org/W2513042457","https://openalex.org/W2101107971","https://openalex.org/W1988185499"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,103],"Atacama":[1,15],"Large":[2],"Millimeter/Submillimeter":[3],"Array":[4],"(ALMA)":[5],"is":[6,21,59,78],"an":[7],"international":[8],"radio":[9],"telescope":[10],"under":[11],"construction":[12],"in":[13,61,65,91,101,121],"the":[14,36,122,128,138],"Desert":[16],"of":[17,40,46,49,53,80,83,93,146],"northern":[18],"Chile.":[19],"ALMA":[20,43],"situated":[22],"on":[23,113],"a":[24,81],"dry":[25],"site":[26],"at":[27],"5000":[28],"m":[29,69,100],"elevation,":[30],"allowing":[31],"excellent":[32],"atmospheric":[33],"transmission":[34],"over":[35],"instrument":[37,104],"wavelength":[38],"range":[39],"0.3-10":[41],"mm.":[42],"will":[44,105],"consist":[45],"two":[47,94],"arrays":[48],"high-precision":[50],"antennas.":[51],"One,":[52],"up":[54,70],"to":[55,71,130],"64":[56],"12-m-diameter":[57],"antennas,":[58],"reconfigurable":[60],"multiple":[62],"patterns":[63],"ranging":[64],"size":[66],"from":[67],"150":[68],"~":[72,98],"15":[73],"km.":[74],"A":[75],"second":[76],"array":[77],"composed":[79],"set":[82],"four":[84],"12-m":[85],"and":[86,109,116,119,127,143],"12":[87],"7-m":[88],"antennas":[89],"operating":[90],"one":[92],"closely":[95],"packed":[96],"configurations":[97],"50":[99],"diameter.":[102],"provide":[106],"both":[107],"interferometric":[108],"total-power":[110],"astronomical":[111],"information":[112],"atomic,":[114],"molecular,":[115],"ionized":[117],"gas":[118],"dust":[120],"solar":[123],"system,":[124],"our":[125],"galaxy,":[126],"nearby":[129],"high-redshift":[131],"universe.":[132],"In":[133],"this":[134],"paper,":[135],"we":[136],"outline":[137],"scientific":[139],"drivers,":[140],"technical":[141],"challenges,":[142],"planned":[144],"progress":[145],"ALMA.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}