{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163036451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3698421","title":"FedCAD: Federated Learning With Clustering, Adaptive Selection, and Delayed Aggregation for Heterogeneous IoT Environments","display_name":"FedCAD: Federated Learning With Clustering, Adaptive Selection, and Delayed Aggregation for Heterogeneous IoT Environments","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163036451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3698421"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3698421","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3698421","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100365651","display_name":"Tian Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4587-4399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159676","display_name":"Zaozhuang University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x21tp94","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159676"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zaozhuang University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4587-4399","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zaozhuang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159676"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010967874","display_name":"Zhiwei Ling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9705-1987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiwei Ling","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9705-1987","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137540357","display_name":"Ziqi Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziqi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7176-2369","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040087091","display_name":"Jiahui Zhai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0443-2690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahui Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Technology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0443-2690","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019335338","display_name":"Chenggang Shan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1067-2957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159676","display_name":"Zaozhuang University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x21tp94","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159676"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenggang Shan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zaozhuang University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zaozhuang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159676"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137536253","display_name":"Zhen Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159676","display_name":"Zaozhuang University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x21tp94","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159676"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zaozhuang University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zaozhuang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159676"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137577063","display_name":"Bin Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6879-7069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159676","display_name":"Zaozhuang University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x21tp94","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159676"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zaozhuang University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6879-7069","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zaozhuang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159676"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59646545,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"15","first_page":"35451","last_page":"35463"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.8684999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.8684999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.013199999928474426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.012400000356137753,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.4952000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-aggregator","display_name":"Data aggregator","score":0.2994000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"Federated learning","score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-database","display_name":"Distributed database","score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.2685000002384186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8452000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.532800018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.4952000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.429500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82578977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16773055","display_name":"Data aggregator","level":3,"score":0.2994000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70061542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989016","display_name":"Distributed database","level":2,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3698421","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3698421","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3886242390","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2023QF131","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2057332538","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2294798173","https://openalex.org/W2995022099","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3015636663","https://openalex.org/W3046653923","https://openalex.org/W3112044954","https://openalex.org/W3182158470","https://openalex.org/W4221165969","https://openalex.org/W4312841355","https://openalex.org/W4387092459","https://openalex.org/W4405717771","https://openalex.org/W4415796625"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0],"Learning":[1],"(FL)":[2],"is":[3,95,123],"a":[4,82,142],"critical":[5],"enabler":[6],"for":[7,50,159],"intelligent":[8],"Internet":[9],"of":[10],"Things":[11],"(IoT)":[12],"systems,":[13],"allowing":[14],"collaborative":[15],"model":[16,103,107],"training":[17],"across":[18,113,169],"heterogeneous":[19,171],"devices":[20],"while":[21],"preserving":[22],"data":[23,36],"privacy.":[24],"However,":[25],"FL":[26,61,84],"performance":[27],"degrades":[28],"significantly":[29],"under":[30],"non-Independent":[31],"and":[32,41,134,153],"Identically":[33],"Distributed":[34],"(non-IID)":[35],"due":[37],"to":[38],"weight":[39,57],"divergence,":[40],"existing":[42,78],"mitigation":[43],"methods":[44,180],"often":[45],"introduce":[46],"substantial":[47],"overhead":[48],"unsuitable":[49],"resource-constrained":[51],"IoT":[52],"deployments.":[53],"We":[54],"identify":[55],"that":[56,73,86,129,138,174],"divergence":[58],"in":[59,77],"non-IID":[60],"stems":[62],"primarily":[63],"from":[64],"insufficient":[65],"cross-device":[66],"knowledge":[67,119,161],"exchange":[68],"before":[69],"aggregation\u2014a":[70],"contributing":[71],"factor":[72],"has":[74,109],"been":[75,110],"underexplored":[76],"literature\u2014and":[79],"propose":[80],"FedCAD,":[81],"communication-efficient":[83],"framework":[85],"directly":[87],"addresses":[88],"this":[89],"root":[90],"cause.":[91],"The":[92],"core":[93],"innovation":[94],"delayed":[96,154],"cross-group":[97],"aggregation,":[98],"which":[99],"strategically":[100],"postpones":[101],"global":[102],"updates":[104],"until":[105],"each":[106],"copy":[108],"sequentially":[111],"trained":[112],"all":[114],"device":[115,127],"groups,":[116],"ensuring":[117],"comprehensive":[118],"integration.":[120],"This":[121],"mechanism":[122,158],"supported":[124],"by":[125],"dual-feature":[126],"clustering":[128,147],"creates":[130],"meaningful":[131],"group":[132],"structures":[133],"fairness-aware":[135],"adaptive":[136],"selection":[137,150],"ensures":[139],"representative":[140],"participation\u2014forming":[141],"causally":[143],"linked":[144],"pipeline":[145],"where":[146],"provides":[148,151,156],"structure,":[149],"quality,":[152],"aggregation":[155],"the":[157],"thorough":[160],"exchange.":[162],"Extensive":[163],"experiments":[164],"on":[165],"five":[166],"benchmark":[167],"datasets":[168],"13":[170],"scenarios":[172],"demonstrate":[173],"FedCAD":[175],"consistently":[176],"outperforms":[177],"ten":[178],"state-of-the-art":[179],"with":[181],"negligible":[182],"additional":[183],"communication":[184],"overhead.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-13T07:04:57.449891","created_date":"2026-06-02T00:00:00"}
