{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392089812","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3697260","title":"Flexible Physical Camouflage Generation Based on a Differential Approach","display_name":"Flexible Physical Camouflage Generation Based on a Differential Approach","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392089812","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3697260"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3697260","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3697260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.13575","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100421776","display_name":"Yang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3109-0953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern Polytechnical University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5672-4110","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Haonan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2366-7287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haonan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern Polytechnical University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2366-7287","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wenyi Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9372-3127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenyi Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern Polytechnical University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9372-3127","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tingrui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6107-9812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tingrui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern Polytechnical University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6107-9812","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108517562","display_name":"Quan Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8162-2896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quan Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern Polytechnical University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8162-2896","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00175833,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"16","first_page":"35811","last_page":"35828"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.934499979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.934499979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12496","display_name":"Color perception and design","score":0.902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/camouflage","display_name":"Camouflage","score":0.9408293962478638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","score":0.6259576082229614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43643930554389954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3210025429725647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3022068738937378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22424203157424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.12464502453804016}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776196576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196113","display_name":"Camouflage","level":2,"score":0.9408293962478638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93226319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193137","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","level":2,"score":0.6259576082229614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43643930554389954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3210025429725647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3022068738937378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22424203157424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.12464502453804016}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3697260","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3697260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2402.13575","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2402.13575","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.13575","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2402.13575","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2402.13575","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2402.13575","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2402.13575","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.13575","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3510100086","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62103330","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2348329006","https://openalex.org/W2379031960","https://openalex.org/W2376458710","https://openalex.org/W2231217681","https://openalex.org/W2914759737","https://openalex.org/W2984158411","https://openalex.org/W4253283976","https://openalex.org/W4231347762","https://openalex.org/W2376883898"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Achieving":[0],"physical-world":[1],"attacks":[2],"on":[3,8,138],"object":[4],"detectors":[5],"often":[6],"relies":[7],"adversarial":[9,168,196],"camouflage,":[10],"which":[11,28],"applies":[12],"textures":[13,82],"to":[14,85,157],"target":[15],"surfaces.":[16],"However,":[17],"existing":[18],"methods":[19],"typically":[20],"simulate":[21],"environmental":[22,64],"variations":[23],"through":[24],"post-rendering":[25],"image":[26],"transformations,":[27],"do":[29],"not":[30],"fully":[31],"account":[32],"for":[33,192],"the":[34,48,74,80,128,183],"3D":[35,59],"object\u2019s":[36],"geometry":[37],"and":[38,70,105,124,134,154,170,177,189],"its":[39],"interaction":[40],"with":[41,61,113],"lighting.":[42],"To":[43],"address":[44],"this,":[45],"we":[46,143],"propose":[47],"Flexible":[49],"Physical-camouflage":[50],"Attack":[51],"(FPA),":[52],"a":[53,57,93,114,139,148,164],"framework":[54],"that":[55,79,145],"integrates":[56],"differentiable":[58],"renderer":[60],"comprehensive,":[62],"multi-parameter":[63],"randomization":[65],"such":[66],"as":[67],"lighting,":[68],"material,":[69],"viewpoint":[71],"directly":[72],"into":[73],"optimization":[75],"loop.":[76],"This":[77],"ensures":[78],"generated":[81],"are":[83,110],"robust":[84],"real-world":[86],"variations.":[87],"For":[88],"texture":[89],"generation,":[90],"FPA":[91,146],"leverages":[92],"denoising":[94],"diffusion":[95],"probabilistic":[96],"model":[97],"whose":[98],"generative":[99],"prior":[100],"helps":[101],"produce":[102],"structurally":[103],"coherent":[104],"visually":[106],"realistic":[107],"patterns.":[108],"These":[109],"jointly":[111],"optimized":[112],"set":[115],"of":[116,185],"task-oriented":[117],"loss":[118],"functions":[119],"including":[120],"adversarial,":[121],"smoothness,":[122],"non-printability,":[123],"concealment":[125],"constraints":[126],"within":[127],"unified":[129],"framework.":[130],"Through":[131],"systematic":[132,190],"ablation":[133],"extensive":[135],"physical":[136,187],"experiments":[137],"1:24":[140],"scale":[141],"model,":[142],"demonstrate":[144],"achieves":[147],"high":[149],"attack":[150],"success":[151],"rate":[152],"(ASR)":[153],"strong":[155],"transferability":[156],"black-box":[158],"detectors.":[159],"Crucially,":[160],"our":[161],"analysis":[162],"reveals":[163],"controllable":[165],"trade-off":[166],"between":[167],"effectiveness":[169],"visual":[171],"stealth,":[172],"validated":[173],"by":[174],"perceptual":[175],"metrics":[176],"human":[178],"evaluation.":[179],"Our":[180],"findings":[181],"highlight":[182],"importance":[184],"integrated":[186],"modeling":[188],"evaluation":[191],"advancing":[193],"physically":[194],"realizable":[195],"camouflage.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
