{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161796785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3695272","title":"Functional Semantic Inference Method for Industrial Control Proprietary Protocol","display_name":"Functional Semantic Inference Method for Industrial Control Proprietary Protocol","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161796785","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3695272"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3695272","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3695272","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136584480","display_name":"Yahui Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1210-8904"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yahui Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1210-8904","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136527599","display_name":"Yangyang Geng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7639-3686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yangyang Geng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7639-3686","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136513209","display_name":"Qiang Wei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7207-6691","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136583095","display_name":"Man Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9687-1649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163151501","display_name":"Hangzhou Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/014v1mr15","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163151501"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Man Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hangzhou Normal University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9687-1649","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163151501"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136591017","display_name":"Zhuo Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-0168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1335486098","display_name":"Electric Power Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqztz06","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1335486098"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuo Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Henan Electric Power Research Institute"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-0168","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Henan Electric Power Research Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1335486098"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085905202","display_name":"Liupeng He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9474-2555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158179","display_name":"Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0506q7a98","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155611","https://openalex.org/I4210158179"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liupeng He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Water Management and Water Security for Yellow River Basin"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Water Management and Water Security for Yellow River Basin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158179"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60188715,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"15","first_page":"34012","last_page":"34026"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12203","display_name":"Mobile Agent-Based Network Management","score":0.11509999632835388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12203","display_name":"Mobile Agent-Based Network Management","score":0.11509999632835388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.10989999771118164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10927","display_name":"Access Control and Trust","score":0.1039000004529953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5956000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5300999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-control-system","display_name":"Industrial control system","score":0.4440999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4027999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-system","display_name":"Control system","score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-of-inference","display_name":"Rule of inference","score":0.31679999828338623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5956000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5300999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40071531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2513962","display_name":"Industrial control system","level":3,"score":0.4440999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4027999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.374099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.32829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3746660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068763","display_name":"Rule of inference","level":2,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133112747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251931","display_name":"Protocol analysis","level":2,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155386361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1649571","display_name":"Process control","level":3,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26320393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q597053","display_name":"Functional dependency","level":3,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21853045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2634565","display_name":"Protocol data unit","level":3,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85407183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045785","display_name":"Semantic network","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3695272","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3695272","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5884828426","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFB2010900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Industrial":[0],"control":[1],"protocols":[2],"(ICPs),":[3],"especially":[4],"proprietary":[5,73],"protocols,":[6],"lack":[7],"public":[8],"specifications":[9],"due":[10],"to":[11,46,97,110,193],"security":[12,20,209],"and":[13,22,106,144,171],"commercial":[14],"considerations,":[15],"posing":[16],"profound":[17],"challenges":[18],"for":[19,68],"audits":[21],"vulnerability":[23],"detection.":[24],"Although":[25],"the":[26,49,178,198],"function":[27,113,158,183],"code":[28,114,159],"fields":[29],"in":[30,72,146,157,200],"ICPs":[31,74,137],"define":[32],"critical":[33,59],"operational":[34,127],"semantics":[35,71,119,202],"(e.g.,":[36],"PLC":[37],"start/stop),":[38],"existing":[39],"protocol":[40,213],"reverse":[41,205],"engineering":[42],"(PRE)":[43],"methods":[44],"struggle":[45],"accurately":[47,111,176],"infer":[48,112],"functional":[50,70,201],"implications":[51],"of":[52,82,123,181,190],"their":[53],"value":[54],"dependencies.":[55],"To":[56],"address":[57],"this":[58],"gap,":[60],"we":[61],"propose":[62],"FuncSeinfer,":[63],"an":[64,91,187],"operation-traffic":[65],"correlation-driven":[66],"method":[67],"inferring":[69],"by":[75],"associating":[76],"graphical":[77],"user":[78],"interface":[79],"(GUI)":[80],"operations":[81],"programming":[83],"software":[84],"with":[85,126],"network":[86],"traffic.":[87],"FuncSeinfer":[88,132,174],"first":[89],"employs":[90],"entropy-based":[92],"dynamic":[93],"field":[94,160],"extraction":[95],"algorithm":[96],"generate":[98],"candidate":[99],"fields.":[100,115],"Subsequently,":[101],"it":[102,117],"applies":[103],"heuristic":[104],"rules":[105,109],"clustering":[107],"scoring":[108],"Finally,":[116],"identifies":[118],"through":[120],"variance":[121],"analysis":[122,210],"traffic":[124],"marked":[125],"labels.":[128],"We":[129],"rigorously":[130],"evaluated":[131],"on":[133],"7":[134],"widely":[135],"used":[136],"(S7comm,":[138],"UMAS-A,":[139],"UMAS-B,":[140],"Modbus,":[141],"PCCC,":[142],"Melsoft,":[143],"Fins)":[145],"9":[147],"real-world":[148],"PLCs":[149],"from":[150],"5":[151],"leading":[152],"manufacturers,":[153],"achieving":[154],"100%":[155],"accuracy":[156],"inference,":[161],"outperforming":[162],"state-of-the-art":[163],"PRE":[164],"tools":[165],"such":[166],"as":[167],"Netzob,":[168],"FieldHunter,":[169],"Netplier,":[170],"FSIBP.":[172],"Furthermore,":[173],"can":[175],"identify":[177],"semantic":[179],"meaning":[180],"78":[182],"codes,":[184],"which":[185],"is":[186],"average":[188],"improvement":[189],"20.2%":[191],"compared":[192],"Wireshark.":[194],"This":[195],"study":[196],"fills":[197],"gap":[199],"within":[203],"ICP":[204],"engineering,":[206],"enabling":[207],"in-depth":[208],"without":[211],"requiring":[212],"specifications.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T05:54:39.514286","created_date":"2026-05-21T00:00:00"}