{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155200725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3686490","title":"STPNet: A Dual-Channel Spatiotemporal Network for Reweighting-Based Smartphone Positioning in Complex Urban Environments","display_name":"STPNet: A Dual-Channel Spatiotemporal Network for Reweighting-Based Smartphone Positioning in Complex Urban Environments","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155200725","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3686490"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3686490","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3686490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031525393","display_name":"L Q Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105990","display_name":"Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics","ror":"https://ror.org/01gkn6j11","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210105990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center and the School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9355-7237","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center and the School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114585232","display_name":"Hua Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2077-8795"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics and Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2077-8795","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics and Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108047889","display_name":"Yi-Xiang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5697-0717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065729352","display_name":"Zhao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0127-9725"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center and Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0127-9725","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center and Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033158269","display_name":"Ran Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8948-472X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105990","display_name":"Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics","ror":"https://ror.org/01gkn6j11","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210105990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ran Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center and the School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center and the School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105990"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002515780","display_name":"K Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2314-6527","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.41885013,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"13","first_page":"29898","last_page":"29912"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.5231999754905701,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.5231999754905701,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.1298000067472458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.06390000134706497,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-tracker","display_name":"Radar tracker","score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-telephony","display_name":"Mobile telephony","score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-positioning-system","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","score":0.31470000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-computing","display_name":"Mobile computing","score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.28380000591278076}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7926999926567078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3634999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3409999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187394410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","level":4,"score":0.31470000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144543869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738570","display_name":"Mobile computing","level":2,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51675839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665681","display_name":"Intelligent Network","level":2,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778075934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning technology","level":2,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.25619998574256897}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3686490","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3686490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8207361698150635}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2366310916","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023BAA025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330199","funder_display_name":"Innovation Team Program of Hubei Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3966039553","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42174030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4408102104","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024HBBHCXB060","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335678","funder_display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth's Dynamics"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4468262094","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42174030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335678","funder_display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth's Dynamics"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6492678603","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"424B2026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6831238915","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025M770245","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335678","funder_display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth's Dynamics"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7775410412","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"424B2026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335678","funder_display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth's Dynamics"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7841053941","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025M770245","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G927172112","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TICGM-2024-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335678","funder_display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth's Dynamics"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330199","display_name":"Innovation Team Program of Hubei Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335678","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth's Dynamics","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Global":[1],"Navigation":[2],"Satellite":[3],"System":[4],"(GNSS)":[5],"provides":[6,200],"absolute":[7],"positioning":[8,33,78,150,179],"for":[9,92,121,195,206],"Internet":[10],"of":[11,137,146,157,168,188],"Things":[12],"(IoT)":[13],"devices,":[14],"with":[15,163,185],"smartphones":[16],"being":[17],"the":[18,45,71,115,152,169],"most":[19],"pervasive":[20],"user":[21],"terminals.":[22],"However,":[23],"in":[24,70,96,212],"urban":[25,213],"environments,":[26],"non-line-of-sight":[27],"(NLOS)":[28],"interference":[29],"severely":[30],"degrades":[31],"GNSS":[32,98,112],"on":[34,50],"smartphones.":[35],"Machine-learning":[36],"(ML)-based":[37],"NLOS":[38,56,134],"mitigation":[39],"has":[40],"attracted":[41],"increasing":[42],"attention,":[43],"but":[44,181],"existing":[46],"methods":[47],"often":[48],"rely":[49],"single-level":[51],"feature":[52],"representations.":[53],"Moreover,":[54],"detected":[55],"signals":[57],"are":[58,118],"commonly":[59],"excluded":[60],"or":[61],"assigned":[62],"relatively":[63],"low":[64],"weights,":[65],"thus":[66],"ignoring":[67],"their":[68],"contributions":[69],"observation":[72,94,125],"equation":[73],"and":[74,105,114,124,148,159,203,209],"leading":[75],"to":[76],"degraded":[77],"accuracy.":[79],"To":[80],"address":[81],"these":[82],"issues,":[83],"this":[84],"study":[85],"proposes":[86],"STPNet,":[87],"a":[88,186,201],"dual-channel":[89],"spatiotemporal":[90],"model":[91,170],"NLOS-aware":[93],"reweighting":[95],"smartphone-based":[97],"positioning.":[99],"STPNet":[100,131],"learns":[101],"per-satellite":[102],"spatial":[103],"representations":[104],"multi-epoch":[106],"temporal":[107,176],"dependencies":[108],"from":[109],"smartphone":[110,196],"raw":[111],"observations,":[113],"predicted":[116],"outputs":[117],"then":[119],"employed":[120],"pseudorange":[122],"correction":[123],"reweighting.":[126],"Experimental":[127],"results":[128],"show":[129],"that":[130,174],"achieves":[132,155],"an":[133,192],"classification":[135],"accuracy":[136,180],"92.7%,":[138],"markedly":[139],"outperforming":[140],"baseline":[141],"ML":[142],"methods.":[143,166],"In":[144],"terms":[145],"horizontal":[147],"vertical":[149],"accuracy,":[151],"proposed":[153],"method":[154,199],"improvements":[156],"81.4%":[158],"83.8%,":[160],"respectively,":[161],"compared":[162],"traditional":[164],"filtering":[165],"Analysis":[167],"window":[171,187],"length":[172],"indicates":[173],"longer":[175],"sequences":[177],"improve":[178],"increase":[182],"inference":[183],"latency,":[184],"12\u201316":[189],"epochs":[190],"exhibiting":[191],"effective":[193],"trade-off":[194],"deployment.":[197],"This":[198],"robust":[202],"practical":[204],"solution":[205],"smart":[207],"mobility":[208],"real-time":[210],"navigation":[211],"GNSS-challenged":[214],"environments.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-27T06:13:17.587685","created_date":"2026-04-23T00:00:00"}
