{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140438989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3678055","title":"An Advanced GNSS Interference Classification Detector Based on Multidomain Feature Fusion","display_name":"An Advanced GNSS Interference Classification Detector Based on Multidomain Feature Fusion","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140438989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3678055"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3678055","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3678055","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103455607","display_name":"Weidong Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6427-9678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weidong Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6427-9678","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076394881","display_name":"Fuping Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8493-4713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuping Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8493-4713","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Han Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0366-6632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0366-6632","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000707015","display_name":"Kai Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2711-5380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2711-5380","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129039001","display_name":"Bo Jiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1524-4380","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129074507","display_name":"Lundong Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lundong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3245-4619","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100729531","display_name":"Wanli Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4451-6821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanli Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53408525,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"13","first_page":"28181","last_page":"28196"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.36649999022483826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.36649999022483826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.1598999947309494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.03229999914765358,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.6714000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.614300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.5633999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.459199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.4487000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.39640000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-tracker","display_name":"Radar tracker","score":0.37369999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3499000072479248}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8112999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.6714000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.614300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.5633999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.531499981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.459199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.4487000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.39640000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.37369999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3499000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3422999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.3239000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.3125999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173028925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7831461","display_name":"Track-before-detect","level":4,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137270730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120811","display_name":"Detection theory","level":3,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3678055","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3678055","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1980868054","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42574057","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2691482106","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"262300421210","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323845","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5891549007","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42330113","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323845","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,171],"reliability":[1],"of":[2,15,17,43,133,206],"the":[3,56,79,131,145,202],"Global":[4],"Navigation":[5],"Satellite":[6],"System":[7],"(GNSS)":[8],"is":[9,198],"paramount":[10],"for":[11,154,178,200],"a":[12,70,88,92,122,174],"wide":[13],"range":[14],"Internet":[16],"Things":[18],"(IoT)":[19],"applications,":[20],"yet":[21],"it":[22],"faces":[23],"diverse":[24,100],"interference":[25,64,74,101,106],"threats":[26,157],"in":[27,63,192],"complex":[28],"electromagnetic":[29],"environments.":[30],"Since":[31],"GNSS":[32],"receivers":[33],"on":[34,78,189],"IoT":[35,194,207],"devices":[36],"employ":[37],"distinct":[38],"countermeasures":[39],"against":[40],"different":[41],"types":[42],"interference,":[44],"misclassification":[45],"can":[46],"cause":[47],"anti-interference":[48],"algorithm":[49],"failure,":[50],"jeopardizing":[51],"application":[52],"integrity.":[53],"To":[54],"address":[55],"limited":[57],"feature":[58,94],"dimensions":[59],"and":[60,113,160,167,204],"weak":[61],"generalization":[62],"pattern":[65],"recognition,":[66],"this":[67],"study":[68],"proposes":[69],"physically":[71],"constrained,":[72],"multitype":[73],"classification":[75],"detector":[76,147,172],"based":[77],"vector":[80],"tracking":[81],"loop":[82],"(VTL),":[83],"named":[84],"VT-PDC.":[85],"By":[86],"constructing":[87],"measurement":[89],"model":[90],"within":[91],"multidomain":[93],"space,":[95],"we":[96],"enhance":[97],"sensitivity":[98],"to":[99],"types.":[102],"Furthermore,":[103],"by":[104],"incorporating":[105],"threat":[107],"scenarios":[108],"including":[109],"non-line-of-sight":[110],"(NLOS)":[111],"signals":[112],"ionospheric":[114,168],"scintillation":[115,169],"together":[116],"with":[117],"their":[118],"physical":[119],"models":[120],"into":[121],"Bayesian":[123],"composite":[124],"hypothesis":[125,136],"testing":[126],"framework,":[127],"our":[128],"approach":[129],"overcomes":[130],"limitations":[132],"existing":[134],"quadrary":[135],"spaces.":[137],"Results":[138],"from":[139],"Monte":[140],"Carlo":[141],"simulations":[142],"reveal":[143],"that":[144],"proposed":[146],"not":[148],"only":[149],"maintains":[150],"high":[151],"recognition":[152],"accuracy":[153],"critical":[155],"security":[156],"like":[158],"spoofing":[159],"jamming":[161],"but":[162],"also":[163],"effectively":[164],"identifies":[165],"NLOS":[166],"interference.":[170],"exhibits":[173],"lower":[175],"detection":[176],"rate":[177],"benign,":[179],"low-impact":[180],"multipath,":[181],"an":[182],"acceptable":[183],"trade-off":[184],"given":[185],"its":[186],"minimal":[187],"effect":[188],"positioning":[190],"integrity":[191],"many":[193],"applications.":[195],"This":[196],"capability":[197],"crucial":[199],"ensuring":[201],"robustness":[203],"safety":[205],"synchronization":[208],"services.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-27T06:13:17.587685","created_date":"2026-03-27T00:00:00"}