{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7136732614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3674501","title":"Performance Analysis of Multitier Terrestrial\u2013LEO\u2013GEO Communication Systems","display_name":"Performance Analysis of Multitier Terrestrial\u2013LEO\u2013GEO Communication Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7136732614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3674501"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3674501","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3674501","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129447597","display_name":"Gaofeng Pan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaofeng Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhengzhou Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1008-5717","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhengzhou Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129443197","display_name":"Yi Tao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0485-3003","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yuanyuan Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8106-1857"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78675632","display_name":"Beijing Information Science & Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xnqep60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanyuan Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8106-1857","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129488374","display_name":"Shuai Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1381-9678","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032322682","display_name":"Changhao Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8363-6594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changhao Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8363-6594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129443211","display_name":"Rui Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7872-7814","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059605007","display_name":"Zizheng Hua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3433-4549"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zizheng Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3433-4549","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129435357","display_name":"Junjie Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114043","display_name":"Henan Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024f5m737","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114043"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junjie Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["China North Communication Technology Company Ltd., Xinxiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8962-342X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China North Communication Technology Company Ltd., Xinxiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072744220","display_name":"Chuntao Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800372957","display_name":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/0098hst83","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuntao Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["27th Research Institute, China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"27th Research Institute, China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101086260","display_name":"Zhongguo Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120442","display_name":"AVIC Optronics (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0338ntq56","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120442"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongguo Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Luoyang Optoelectronic Technology Development Center, Luoyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Luoyang Optoelectronic Technology Development Center, Luoyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120442"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034141418","display_name":"Gangtao Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1415-1515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gangtao Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1415-1515","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129487816","display_name":"Dusit Niyato","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dusit Niyato","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7442-7416","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.6428,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98393266,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"10","first_page":"22589","last_page":"22602"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.4754999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.4754999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.07660000026226044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.03440000116825104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.4675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-network","display_name":"Telecommunications network","score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-design","display_name":"Systems design","score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-network","display_name":"Intelligent Network","score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telephony","display_name":"Telephony","score":0.27889999747276306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8185999989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.4675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4584999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31352089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3750474","display_name":"Systems design","level":2,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51675839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665681","display_name":"Intelligent Network","level":2,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.287200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195358072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944584","display_name":"Telephony","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020028006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9158","display_name":"Electronic mail","level":2,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983306500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52946","display_name":"Voice communication","level":2,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3674501","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3674501","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/211556","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/211556","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1773917534","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62571045","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327720","funder_display_name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4042692820","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2436203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5148697177","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2436203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327720","funder_display_name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6254911905","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327720","funder_display_name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G898851953","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62571045","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327720","display_name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,53,90],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,56],"investigate":[4],"the":[5,37,41,49,94,102,116,126,131,136,151],"outage":[6],"probability":[7],"of":[8,67,130,153],"a":[9,58,74,81],"multi-tier":[10,28],"dual-hop":[11],"terrestrial-low":[12],"earth":[13,17],"orbit":[14,18],"(LEO)":[15],"satellite-geostationary":[16],"(GEO)":[19],"satellite":[20],"hybrid":[21,163],"wireless":[22],"communication":[23],"system.":[24],"The":[25],"system":[26,145],"comprises":[27],"LEOs":[29],"and":[30,87,108,128,135,147,158],"one":[31],"GEO":[32,92],"act":[33],"as":[34],"relays":[35],"in":[36,161],"uplink,":[38],"which":[39],"help":[40],"terrestrial":[42,50],"ground":[43],"station":[44],"(S)":[45],"transmit":[46],"information":[47],"to":[48,63,79,97,114,124],"destination":[51],"(D).":[52],"uplink":[54],"transmission,":[55],"introduce":[57],"one-dimensional":[59],"hardcore":[60],"point":[61],"process":[62],"model":[64,115],"different":[65,69,117],"altitudes":[66],"LEOs\u2019":[68],"tiers.":[70],"We":[71],"also":[72],"use":[73],"generalized":[75],"selection":[76,88],"combining":[77,86],"technique":[78],"achieve":[80],"trade-off":[82],"between":[83],"maximum":[84,95],"ratio":[85],"combining.":[89],"downlink,":[91],"offers":[93,141],"coverage":[96],"randomly":[98],"distributed":[99,105],"D.":[100],"Moreover,":[101],"independent":[103],"identically":[104],"Nakagami-m":[106],"fading":[107],"shadowed":[109],"Rician":[110],"distribution":[111],"are":[112,122],"brought":[113],"channels.":[118],"Finally,":[119],"Monte-Carlo":[120],"simulations":[121],"presented":[123],"affirm":[125],"precision":[127],"accuracy":[129],"derived":[132],"analytical":[133],"models":[134],"proposed":[137],"analysis.":[138],"This":[139],"framework":[140],"crucial":[142],"insights":[143],"for":[144],"designers":[146],"network":[148],"operators,":[149],"enabling":[150],"optimization":[152],"resource":[154],"allocation,":[155],"relay":[156],"strategies,":[157],"overall":[159],"reliability":[160],"terrestrial-satellite":[162],"networks.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-09T06:09:20.037420","created_date":"2026-03-17T00:00:00"}
