{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134917057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3672698","title":"Efficient Hardware Architecture for the Kyber Public-Key Encryption Primitive","display_name":"Efficient Hardware Architecture for the Kyber Public-Key Encryption Primitive","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134917057","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3672698"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3672698","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3672698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100674467","display_name":"Feng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5892-6496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangjie Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiaoliang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4432-2848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoliang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4432-2848","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108845648","display_name":"Jundong Feng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jundong Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9398-3933","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128782724","display_name":"Jia Ai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Ai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062514163","display_name":"\u017deljko \u017dili\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6887-3911"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeljko Zilic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6887-3911","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Junchao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2560-8728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junchao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2560-8728","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.31967021,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"11","first_page":"23913","last_page":"23929"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.8109999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.8109999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.06440000236034393,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.041999999433755875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.6028000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-specific-integrated-circuit","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","score":0.448199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.43849998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-primitive","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","score":0.38960000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.3750999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-security-module","display_name":"Hardware security module","score":0.3736000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.3610999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elliptic-curve-cryptography","display_name":"Elliptic curve cryptography","score":0.33410000801086426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.6028000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.54339998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77390884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217302","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.448199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.43849998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.38960000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.3750999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39217717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432354","display_name":"Hardware security module","level":3,"score":0.3736000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.3610999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3553999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167615521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048911","display_name":"Elliptic curve cryptography","level":4,"score":0.33410000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3140999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.2992999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163173736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308558","display_name":"Key generation","level":3,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142962650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240838","display_name":"Reconfigurable computing","level":3,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780221543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4681865","display_name":"Cipher","level":3,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6295992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q976521","display_name":"Cryptosystem","level":3,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37135326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931942","display_name":"Design flow","level":2,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65232700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656403","display_name":"Hardware architecture","level":3,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94520183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190746","display_name":"Advanced Encryption Standard","level":3,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3672698","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3672698","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1659491942","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"02140011044136","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335932","funder_display_name":"Startup Research Fund of Zhengzhou University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3668500183","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"cstc2023nscq-msx0885","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","funder_display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6617742585","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"cstc2023nscq-msx0885","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323172","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8996373409","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024CDJXY020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323172","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334977","display_name":"Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335932","display_name":"Startup Research Fund of Zhengzhou University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"exponential":[1],"growth":[2],"of":[3,6,112],"the":[4,10,16,113,143,149,160],"Internet":[5],"Things":[7],"(IoT)":[8],"in":[9,154,214],"5G":[11],"era":[12],"has":[13,28],"significantly":[14,133],"heightened":[15],"demand":[17],"for":[18,51,210],"secure":[19],"communication":[20],"among":[21],"numerous":[22],"edge":[23,54],"devices.":[24,55],"While":[25],"lattice-based":[26],"cryptography":[27,213],"gained":[29],"prominence":[30],"as":[31],"a":[32,48,61,82,102,186,207],"quantum-resistant":[33],"alternative":[34],"to":[35,40,167,197,200],"traditional":[36],"public-key":[37,65],"cryptosystems":[38],"vulnerable":[39],"quantum":[41],"attacks,":[42],"its":[43],"high":[44],"computational":[45],"complexity":[46],"remains":[47],"critical":[49],"barrier":[50],"resource-constrained":[52],"IoT":[53,216],"In":[56],"this":[57,204],"paper,":[58],"we":[59,80,100,122],"propose":[60],"configurable":[62],"and":[63,96,117,137],"efficient":[64],"cryptographic":[66],"circuit":[67,94,135],"architecture":[68],"that":[69,87,148],"achieves":[70,185],"an":[71,174],"optimal":[72],"area-performance":[73,176],"balance":[74],"through":[75],"three":[76],"key":[77],"innovations.":[78],"First,":[79],"introduce":[81],"parameter-adaptive":[83],"coefficient":[84],"generation":[85],"unit":[86,115],"compresses":[88],"hash":[89],"round":[90],"constants,":[91],"thereby":[92],"reducing":[93],"redundancy":[95],"memory":[97],"overhead.":[98],"Second,":[99],"present":[101],"four-channel":[103],"even-odd":[104],"parallel":[105],"butterfly":[106,114],"operation":[107],"architecture,":[108],"with":[109,190],"collaborative":[110],"optimization":[111],"(BFU)":[116],"data":[118,124],"storage":[119],"scheme.":[120],"Finally,":[121],"optimize":[123],"flow":[125],"scheduling":[126],"between":[127],"functional":[128],"modules":[129],"under":[130],"resource":[131],"constraints,":[132],"enhancing":[134],"compactness":[136],"bandwidth":[138],"utilization.":[139],"FPGA":[140],"prototyping":[141],"on":[142],"Xilinx":[144],"Artix-7":[145],"platform":[146],"demonstrates":[147],"Kyber-1024":[150],"process":[151],"is":[152],"completed":[153],"just":[155],"11.75k":[156],"clock":[157],"cycles,":[158],"while":[159],"hardware":[161,191],"efficiency":[162,192],"improvements":[163,193],"range":[164],"from":[165,195],"1.2\u00d7":[166],"7.3\u00d7":[168],"over":[169],"existing":[170],"state-of-the-art":[171],"designs,":[172],"maintaining":[173],"excellent":[175],"trade-off.":[177],"ASIC":[178],"implementation":[179],"using":[180],"SMIC":[181],"40nm":[182],"CMOS":[183],"technology":[184],"332MHz":[187],"operating":[188],"frequency,":[189],"ranging":[194],"6.3\u00d7":[196],"57\u00d7":[198],"compared":[199],"recent":[201],"implementations.":[202],"Therefore,":[203],"work":[205],"establishes":[206],"new":[208],"paradigm":[209],"deploying":[211],"post-quantum":[212],"latency-sensitive":[215],"applications.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-12T00:00:00"}