{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134914427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3672528","title":"ACRM: An Adaptive Cluster Radius Multihop Routing Protocol With Direction Awareness for Large-Scale WSNs","display_name":"ACRM: An Adaptive Cluster Radius Multihop Routing Protocol With Direction Awareness for Large-Scale WSNs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134914427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3672528"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3672528","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3672528","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhendong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7082-2478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4510145","display_name":"Jiangxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03q0t9252","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhendong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7082-2478","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Silong Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2213-4921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4510145","display_name":"Jiangxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03q0t9252","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silong Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2213-4921","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shuxin Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4510145","display_name":"Jiangxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03q0t9252","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuxin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082144617","display_name":"Daojing He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3820-8128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141649914","display_name":"Nanchang University","ror":"https://ror.org/042v6xz23","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141649914"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daojing He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Engineering Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3820-8128","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Engineering Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141649914"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126458378","display_name":"Sammy Chan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sammy Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8524-229X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4510145"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.35118649,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"11","first_page":"23668","last_page":"23692"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9574000239372253,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9574000239372253,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.004399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14413","display_name":"Advanced Technologies in Various Fields","score":0.003700000001117587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.7189000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6682999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.6396999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path-vector-protocol","display_name":"Path vector protocol","score":0.5871999859809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.5382999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.51910001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zone-routing-protocol","display_name":"Zone Routing Protocol","score":0.5001999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-source-routing","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","score":0.4372999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-routing-protocol","display_name":"Wireless Routing Protocol","score":0.4255000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.4165000021457672}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.7189000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6830999851226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6682999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.6396999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128917274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666535","display_name":"Path vector protocol","level":5,"score":0.5871999859809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.5382999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.51910001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189884158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8073926","display_name":"Zone Routing Protocol","level":5,"score":0.5001999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.47859999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9659607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268903","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","level":4,"score":0.4372999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47318570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8026863","display_name":"Wireless Routing Protocol","level":4,"score":0.4255000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4165000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.38190001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89305328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","level":4,"score":0.375900000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.3750999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.34119999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87044965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091139","display_name":"Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol","level":5,"score":0.3352999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204948658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1119410","display_name":"Static routing","level":4,"score":0.3334999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52837422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431028","display_name":"Interior gateway protocol","level":5,"score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25906391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432381","display_name":"Hop (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.2955000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177818476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12878103","display_name":"Hierarchical routing","level":5,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50558702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5535067","display_name":"Geographic routing","level":5,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520301825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380170","display_name":"Energy conservation","level":2,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202385902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1229441","display_name":"Distance-vector routing protocol","level":5,"score":0.2538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7573999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207580","display_name":"Routing Information Protocol","level":5,"score":0.25360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3672528","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3672528","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9171866178512573}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1419993070","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"72261018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3056104375","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20171BAB202026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322665","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3375651012","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62062037,61562037,72261018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6215985977","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62062037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7175012872","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20212BAB202014,20171BAB202026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322665","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8134543299","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20212BAB202014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322665","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8375524380","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61562037","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322665","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,37,52,90,110,139,159,214,221,249,290,295,302],"scale":[2],"of":[3,55,92,141,155,171,216,253,265,297],"wireless":[4],"sensor":[5],"networks":[6,57],"(WSNs)":[7],"continues":[8],"to":[9,39,49,51,138,152,167,176],"expand,":[10],"challenges":[11],"such":[12,267],"as":[13,121,268],"excessive":[14,225],"network":[15,247,250,292],"energy":[16,43,60,104,178,226],"consumption":[17,61,227],"and":[18,33,45,62,97,145,196,202,224,236,272,279,294],"load":[19],"imbalance":[20],"have":[21],"become":[22],"increasingly":[23],"severe.":[24],"Existing":[25],"non-uniform":[26,208],"clustering":[27,209,230],"protocols":[28,266],"rely":[29],"on":[30,109,187],"fixed":[31],"parameters":[32],"local":[34],"information,":[35],"lack":[36],"ability":[38],"dynamically":[40],"perceive":[41],"global":[42],"differences,":[44],"are":[46,135,286],"thus":[47],"difficult":[48],"adapt":[50],"dynamic":[53],"changes":[54],"large-scale":[56,81],"for":[58,80,89,173],"balancing":[59],"load.":[63],"To":[64],"address":[65],"this":[66,68,114],"issue,":[67],"paper":[69],"proposes":[70],"an":[71,103,129],"adaptive":[72,237],"cluster":[73,99,116,132,217],"radius":[74],"multi-hop":[75,174,184],"routing":[76,160,163,182],"protocol":[77,84],"(ACRM)":[78],"suitable":[79],"WSNs.":[82],"The":[83],"provides":[85],"a":[86,122,146,169,188,245],"decision-making":[87,166],"basis":[88],"adjustment":[91],"nodes\u2019":[93],"personalized":[94],"competition":[95],"radii":[96],"auction-based":[98],"head":[100,117,133,218],"selection":[101,118],"through":[102,231],"disparity":[105],"factor":[106],"quantified":[107],"based":[108,186],"Gini":[111],"coefficient.":[112],"On":[113],"basis,":[115],"is":[119,150,259],"modeled":[120],"static":[123],"game":[124],"with":[125],"incomplete":[126],"information.":[127],"Through":[128],"auction":[130],"mechanism,":[131],"seats":[134],"allocated":[136],"according":[137],"principle":[140],"maximizing":[142],"bid":[143],"prices,":[144],"price":[147],"decay":[148],"strategy":[149],"introduced":[151],"prevent":[153],"overloading":[154],"low-energy":[156],"nodes.":[157],"In":[158],"phase,":[161],"intra-cluster":[162],"employs":[164],"hierarchical":[165],"select":[168],"subset":[170],"nodes":[172],"communication":[175],"reduce":[177],"consumption;":[179],"while":[180],"inter-cluster":[181],"establishes":[183],"paths":[185],"direction-aware":[189],"scoring":[190],"mechanism":[191],"that":[192,243,264],"integrates":[193],"node":[194,234],"direction":[195],"energy,":[197],"effectively":[198,212],"avoiding":[199],"path":[200],"detours":[201],"reverse":[203],"transmissions.":[204],"Additionally,":[205],"unlike":[206],"existing":[207],"protocols,":[210],"ACRM":[211,254],"addresses":[213],"issues":[215],"overload":[219],"near":[220],"base":[222,303],"station":[223],"from":[228],"frequent":[229],"directly":[232],"connected":[233],"offloading":[235],"periodic":[238],"reconfiguration.":[239],"Simulation":[240],"results":[241],"show":[242],"in":[244,289],"500m\u00d7500m":[246],"scenario,":[248],"stability":[251],"period":[252],"reaches":[255],"636":[256],"rounds,":[257],"which":[258],"over":[260],"100%":[261],"higher":[262,276,281],"than":[263,277,282],"LEACH,":[269],"LEACH-OR,":[270],"EEUC,":[271],"DEBUC,":[273],"approximately":[274],"61.8%":[275],"PUAG,":[278],"18.4%":[280],"UCRTD;":[283],"significant":[284],"improvements":[285],"also":[287],"observed":[288],"overall":[291],"lifetime":[293],"number":[296],"data":[298],"packets":[299],"received":[300],"by":[301],"station.":[304]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-23T06:10:36.450269","created_date":"2026-03-12T00:00:00"}