{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128425387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3662747","title":"SmartGCM: An LTE UE-Category 1-Based Smart Garbage Classification and Management System","display_name":"SmartGCM: An LTE UE-Category 1-Based Smart Garbage Classification and Management System","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128425387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3662747"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3662747","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3662747","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8034-676X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China","School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8034-676X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112591011","display_name":"Wenhua Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0695-2291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenhua Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics (School of Integrated Circuits), Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0695-2291","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics (School of Integrated Circuits), Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qingchang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8185-1753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125878","display_name":"Suzhou Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ebk0c60","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125878"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingchang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Suzhou Xiyu Information Technology Company Ltd., Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8185-1753","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Suzhou Xiyu Information Technology Company Ltd., Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125878"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lianmin Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5679-1259"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125878","display_name":"Suzhou Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ebk0c60","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125878"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lianmin Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Suzhou Xiyu Information Technology Company Ltd., Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5679-1259","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Suzhou Xiyu Information Technology Company Ltd., Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125878"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069027453","display_name":"Yingyao Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingyao Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China","School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054489690","display_name":"Yiran Qi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiran Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17355684,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"9","first_page":"18527","last_page":"18543"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11108","display_name":"Municipal Solid Waste Management","score":0.5608999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11108","display_name":"Municipal Solid Waste Management","score":0.5608999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.12380000203847885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.0272000003606081,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6011000275611877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/garbage","display_name":"Garbage","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.44920000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/garbage-collection","display_name":"Garbage collection","score":0.44429999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.42170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.39340001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.385699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sobel-operator","display_name":"Sobel operator","score":0.3785000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-classification","display_name":"Statistical classification","score":0.37700000405311584}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.857200026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6011000275611877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75403996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5521979","display_name":"Garbage","level":2,"score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.44920000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105122174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322202","display_name":"Garbage collection","level":3,"score":0.44429999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4372999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43619999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.42170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.41920000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.39340001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.385699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30703548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757673","display_name":"Sobel operator","level":5,"score":0.3785000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.37700000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.367900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36480000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.3625999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.35659998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777103469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231558","display_name":"Smart city","level":3,"score":0.3411000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3328999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198783460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629173","display_name":"Management system","level":2,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.3172999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113138325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864457","display_name":"Knapsack problem","level":2,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.289900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781018962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164884","display_name":"Container (type theory)","level":2,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152223200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3055471","display_name":"Smart environment","level":3,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780724565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227256","display_name":"Data classification","level":2,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3662747","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3662747","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5487287044525146,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5415524676","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZXL2022025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336618","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Suzhou"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5425907902","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZXL2022025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329856","funder_display_name":"Liuzhou Science and Technology Project"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329856","display_name":"Liuzhou Science and Technology Project","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336618","display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Suzhou","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"<italic":[0,52,119],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[1,53,120],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Garbage":[2],"classification":[3,29,176,196],"and":[4,23,30,67,130,143,171,184,200],"management</i>(GCM)":[5],"has":[6],"become":[7],"one":[8],"of":[9,16,71,87,106,136,165,168,198,202,219],"the":[10,14,78,84,98,104,114,134,147,173,217],"key":[11],"issues":[12],"in":[13,35],"development":[15,218],"smart":[17,47,220],"city.":[18],"Due":[19],"to":[20,81,102,216],"single":[21],"functionality":[22],"expensive":[24],"deployment,":[25],"many":[26],"existing":[27],"garbage":[28,107,169,175],"management":[31],"systems":[32],"are":[33],"limited":[34],"some":[36],"practical":[37],"application":[38],"scenarios.":[39],"In":[40,158],"this":[41],"paper,":[42],"we":[43,91,139,160],"design":[44],"SmartGCM,":[45],"a":[46,117,153,195],"GCM":[48],"system":[49],"based":[50,76,96,124],"on":[51,77,97,125],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">LTE":[54],"UE-Category":[55],"1</i>(Cat.1),":[56],"which":[57],"can":[58,205,213],"detect":[59],"real-time":[60,85],"status":[61,86],"information":[62],"from":[63],"community":[64],"trash":[65,88],"cans":[66],"classify":[68],"different":[69],"types":[70,167],"garbage.":[72],"Specifically,":[73],"SmartGCM":[74,137,193,204],"is":[75,128],"embedded":[79],"microcontroller":[80],"remotely":[82],"monitor":[83],"cans.":[89],"Then,":[90],"designed":[92],"an":[93],"optimization":[94],"algorithm":[95,101],"genetic":[99],"path":[100,109],"solve":[103],"problem":[105],"cleaning":[108],"planning;":[110],"meanwhile,":[111],"combined":[112,150],"with":[113,151],"incentive":[115],"mechanism,":[116],"lightweight":[118],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">convolutional":[121],"neural":[122,156],"network</i>(CNN)":[123],"edge":[126,141],"computing":[127],"deployed":[129],"implemented.":[131],"To":[132],"improve":[133,208],"accuracy":[135,197],"classification,":[138],"perform":[140],"extraction":[142],"smooth":[144],"noise":[145],"through":[146],"Sobel":[148],"operator":[149],"LeNet-5,":[152],"deep":[154],"convolutional":[155,181,185],"network.":[157],"experiment,":[159],"collect":[161],"2900+":[162],"real":[163],"data":[164],"six":[166],"images,":[170],"obtain":[172],"optimal":[174],"model":[177],"by":[178],"designing":[179],"reasonable":[180],"kernel":[182],"size":[183],"layer":[186],"number.":[187],"The":[188],"experimental":[189],"results":[190],"demonstrate":[191],"that":[192],"achieves":[194],"92.75%":[199],"Macro-F1":[201],"93.15%.":[203],"not":[206],"only":[207],"citizens\u2019":[209],"environmental":[210],"awareness,":[211],"but":[212],"also":[214],"contribute":[215],"cities.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-02-10T00:00:00"}