{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128425911","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3662717","title":"Proactive Fault Tolerance for 5G Smart Factories: Transformer-Based Deep Reinforcement Learning for Reliability-Oriented Redundancy Allocation","display_name":"Proactive Fault Tolerance for 5G Smart Factories: Transformer-Based Deep Reinforcement Learning for Reliability-Oriented Redundancy Allocation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128425911","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3662717"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3662717","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3662717","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125449073","display_name":"Zhengxuan Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengxuan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125470737","display_name":"Shengbo Xie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengbo Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125465425","display_name":"Zhenya Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098582","display_name":"ZTE (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rjhhq63","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenya Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["ZTE Corporation, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ZTE Corporation, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125459130","display_name":"Xing Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098582","display_name":"ZTE (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rjhhq63","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["ZTE Corporation, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ZTE Corporation, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125434606","display_name":"Xinjian Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098582","display_name":"ZTE (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rjhhq63","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinjian Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["ZTE Corporation, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ZTE Corporation, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125437026","display_name":"Xupan Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098582","display_name":"ZTE (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rjhhq63","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xupan Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["ZTE Corporation, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ZTE Corporation, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003317644","display_name":"Jie Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1269-2097"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1269-2097","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125435181","display_name":"Ran Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ran Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5601-0513","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11586282,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"9","first_page":"19041","last_page":"19057"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.11640000343322754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.11640000343322754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.08259999752044678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.0794999971985817,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downtime","display_name":"Downtime","score":0.7003999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.6963000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.5802000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.5349000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.4756999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criticality","display_name":"Criticality","score":0.45089998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.3833000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.3625999987125397}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.762499988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180591934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1253369","display_name":"Downtime","level":2,"score":0.7003999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6963000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.5802000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.5349000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.4756999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125611927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008131","display_name":"Criticality","level":2,"score":0.45089998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.3833000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.3625999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56086750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6042592","display_name":"Integer programming","level":2,"score":0.34290000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23725684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q616377","display_name":"Maintenance engineering","level":2,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119323957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048226","display_name":"Cascading failure","level":4,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25516864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665949","display_name":"Interconnectivity","level":2,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41045048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202843","display_name":"Linear programming","level":2,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126953365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438152","display_name":"Fault coverage","level":3,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.2549000084400177}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3662717","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3662717","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2190173036","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171218","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4467296863","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BF2024067","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335774","funder_display_name":"Key Technologies Research and Development Program"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335774","display_name":"Key Technologies Research and Development Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,96],"widespread":[1],"adoption":[2],"of":[3,13,19,69],"5G":[4,71],"technology":[5],"has":[6],"significantly":[7],"enhanced":[8],"the":[9,17,41,66,108,114,120,124,129,146,158,181,199],"interconnectivity":[10],"and":[11,50,142,157,205,211],"automation":[12],"factory":[14],"equipment,":[15],"increasing":[16],"complexity":[18,214],"device":[20,33,105],"coordination.":[21],"Equipment":[22],"failures":[23],"or":[24],"performance":[25,141,193,210],"degradation":[26],"can":[27],"result":[28],"not":[29],"only":[30],"in":[31,37,107,145],"individual":[32],"downtime":[34],"but":[35],"also":[36],"cascading":[38],"disruptions":[39],"across":[40],"entire":[42],"production":[43,52,148],"line,":[44],"potentially":[45],"leading":[46],"to":[47,65,138,191,216],"factory-wide":[48],"shutdowns":[49],"decreased":[51],"efficiency.":[53],"Ensuring":[54],"high":[55],"equipment":[56,202],"reliability\u2014particularly":[57],"fault":[58,84],"tolerance":[59,85],"under":[60],"extreme":[61],"conditions\u2014is":[62],"therefore":[63],"critical":[64],"stable":[67],"operation":[68],"a":[70,82,168,188],"fully":[72],"connected":[73],"factory.":[74],"To":[75,179],"address":[76],"this":[77,79],"challenge,":[78],"paper":[80],"proposes":[81],"proactive":[83],"(FT)":[86],"framework":[87,97,130],"that":[88,198],"enhances":[89],"system":[90,101],"reliability":[91,102],"through":[92],"parallel":[93],"redundancy":[94,152],"strategies.":[95],"begins":[98],"by":[99,123],"evaluating":[100],"based":[103,172],"on":[104,173],"responses":[106],"most":[109],"recent":[110],"service":[111],"cycle.":[112,149],"If":[113],"computed":[115],"FT":[116],"value":[117],"falls":[118],"below":[119],"threshold":[121],"specified":[122],"Service":[125],"Level":[126],"Agreement":[127],"(SLA),":[128],"is":[131,155,165],"triggered.":[132],"Devices":[133],"are":[134],"then":[135],"ranked":[136],"according":[137],"their":[139,143],"historical":[140],"criticality":[144],"upcoming":[147],"A":[150],"\u201c1+N\u201d":[151],"allocation":[153],"strategy":[154],"applied,":[156],"resulting":[159],"Integer":[160],"Nonlinear":[161],"Programming":[162],"(INLP)":[163],"problem":[164],"solved":[166],"using":[167,187],"Redundancy":[169],"Allocation":[170],"Algorithm":[171],"Transformer-enhanced":[174],"Deep":[175],"Reinforcement":[176],"Learning":[177],"(RAA-TDRL).":[178],"validate":[180],"proposed":[182,200],"framework,":[183],"we":[184],"conduct":[185],"simulations":[186],"real-world":[189],"dataset":[190],"emulate":[192],"fluctuations.":[194],"Experimental":[195],"results":[196],"show":[197],"key":[201],"identification":[203],"method":[204],"RAAT-DRL":[206],"algorithm":[207],"achieve":[208],"superior":[209],"reduced":[212],"time":[213],"compared":[215],"baseline":[217],"approaches.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-25T06:01:18.069262","created_date":"2026-02-10T00:00:00"}