{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127104165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3659937","title":"ST-SSNet: Spatiotemporal Feature Fusion-Based DOA Estimation Network for Underwater Array Signals","display_name":"ST-SSNet: Spatiotemporal Feature Fusion-Based DOA Estimation Network for Underwater Array Signals","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127104165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3659937"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3659937","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3659937","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123376297","display_name":"Jiayang Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143413998","display_name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/041j8js14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiayang Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2965-8769","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005351136","display_name":"Qiuna Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9245-0847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143413998","display_name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/041j8js14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiuna Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3104-7819","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lingwei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2169-6356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143413998","display_name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/041j8js14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingwei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2169-6356","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061739285","display_name":"Haoyu Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3789-2084"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143413998","display_name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/041j8js14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyu Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3789-2084","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124756149","display_name":"Yulei Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143413998","display_name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/041j8js14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7622-3961","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123448233","display_name":"Shuzhuo Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143413998","display_name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/041j8js14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuzhuo Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5538-815X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124839440","display_name":"Jingjing Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143413998","display_name":"Qingdao University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/041j8js14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingjing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0657-8300","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5123376297"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143413998"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20518899,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"9","first_page":"18881","last_page":"18892"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.450300008058548,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.450300008058548,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.3425000011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.05490000173449516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.6761000156402588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5698999762535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.5160999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.46470001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.43950000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.42309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4097000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.40950000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8026000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.6761000156402588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5698999762535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5160999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.511900007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46470001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.43950000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.42309999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4097000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.40950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169111936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424098","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","level":3,"score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.35530000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.33739998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.32089999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29265498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7047719","display_name":"Noise measurement","level":3,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155846161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143367","display_name":"Graphical model","level":2,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.29350000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72434380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230930","display_name":"State space","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155777637","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2736187","display_name":"Wavelet packet decomposition","level":4,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2651999890804291}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3659937","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3659937","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.6953545212745667,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2272312918","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U24A20215","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2887753007","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62571290","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6471456767","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62471272","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"Underwater":[1],"Internet":[2],"of":[3,12,15,60,71,81,98],"Things":[4],"(UIoT)":[5],"applications,":[6],"the":[7,13,35,69,79,123,129,146,184],"accurate":[8],"and":[9,26,40,105,118,145,158,189],"efficient":[10],"estimation":[11],"direction":[14],"arrival":[16],"(DOA)":[17],"is":[18,93,191],"fundamental":[19],"to":[20,49,77,132,152,182],"technologies":[21],"such":[22],"as":[23],"node":[24,31],"localization":[25],"autonomous":[27],"underwater":[28,44,82],"vehicle":[29],"(AUV)":[30],"cooperative":[32],"communication.":[33],"However,":[34],"low":[36],"signal-to-noise":[37],"ratio":[38],"(SNR)":[39],"limited":[41],"energy":[42],"in":[43,142,170],"environments":[45],"pose":[46],"severe":[47],"challenges":[48],"DOA":[50],"estimation.":[51],"Furthermore,":[52],"existing":[53],"methods":[54,169],"typically":[55],"require":[56],"a":[57,86,99,106],"large":[58],"number":[59],"snapshots.":[61],"To":[62],"address":[63],"these":[64],"issues,":[65],"this":[66],"paper":[67],"proposes":[68],"use":[70],"an":[72],"adaptive":[73],"wavelet":[74],"denoising":[75],"model":[76,126],"enhance":[78],"quality":[80],"acoustic":[83],"signals.":[84],"Subsequently,":[85],"dual-branch":[87],"space-time":[88],"state":[89,124],"space":[90,107,125],"network":[91,96],"(ST-SSNet)":[92],"proposed.":[94],"This":[95],"consists":[97],"time":[100,113,119],"feature":[101,108],"extraction":[102,109],"branch":[103,110,114,138],"(TFEB)":[104],"(SFEB).":[111],"The":[112,136],"incorporates":[115],"gating":[116],"units":[117],"mixing":[120],"functions":[121],"into":[122],"(SSM)":[127],"within":[128],"Mamba":[130],"framework":[131],"extract":[133,153],"temporal":[134],"features.":[135,155],"spatial":[137,154],"uses":[139],"one-dimensional":[140],"convolutions":[141],"different":[143],"directions":[144],"convolutional":[147],"block":[148],"attention":[149],"module":[150],"(CBAM)":[151],"Extensive":[156],"simulation":[157],"sea":[159],"trial":[160],"experiments":[161],"demonstrate":[162],"that":[163],"ST-SSNet":[164],"outperforms":[165],"other":[166,179],"deep":[167],"learning":[168],"various":[171],"scenarios,":[172],"while":[173],"having":[174],"lower":[175],"computational":[176],"complexity":[177],"than":[178],"methods.":[180],"Compared":[181],"ResNet18,":[183],"accuracy":[185],"improves":[186],"by":[187,193],"2.14%,":[188],"RMSE":[190],"reduced":[192],"43.4%.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}
