{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127094768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3659886","title":"A DRL-Based Partial Offloading Strategy for WP-MEC With Multiple Access Points","display_name":"A DRL-Based Partial Offloading Strategy for WP-MEC With Multiple Access Points","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127094768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3659886"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3659886","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3659886","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102319797","display_name":"Yingying An","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7435-5045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingying An","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7435-5045","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shubin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1183-9461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146620803","display_name":"Wenzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hxh324","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146620803"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153668","display_name":"Wenzhou-Kean University","ror":"https://ror.org/05609xa16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153668"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shubin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Frontier Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1183-9461","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Frontier Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153668","https://openalex.org/I146620803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050708082","display_name":"Kaikai Chi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaikai Chi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4751-2049","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124798084","display_name":"Wei Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20942203","display_name":"Hainan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03q648j11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication, Hainan University, Haikou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8600-4752","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication, Hainan University, Haikou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20942203"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062074781","display_name":"Yongpeng Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8708-2835"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117164","display_name":"Luoyang Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/029man787","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117164"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongpeng Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Electronic Information, Luoyang Normal College, Luoyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8708-2835","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Electronic Information, Luoyang Normal College, Luoyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117164"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiajia Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4273-8866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiajia Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aerospace-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology and the School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4273-8866","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aerospace-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology and the School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.09140593,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"10","first_page":"20299","last_page":"20311"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.8593999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.8593999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.044599998742341995,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.02669999934732914,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","score":0.6381000280380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.5462999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation-offloading","display_name":"Computation offloading","score":0.508899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5074999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.49140000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.46869999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4652999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-power-transfer","display_name":"Wireless power transfer","score":0.44620001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.4352000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.4350999891757965}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8797000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.6381000280380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.5462999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.508899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5074999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.49140000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.46869999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4652999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.462799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779423816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6856398","display_name":"Wireless power transfer","level":3,"score":0.44620001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.4352000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4350999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.4325999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.430400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101403955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6707083","display_name":"Lyapunov optimization","level":5,"score":0.42480000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.4101000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4034000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.3982999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3955000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41045048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202843","display_name":"Linear programming","level":2,"score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.3490000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.28529998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144543869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738570","display_name":"Mobile computing","level":2,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.27480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182448111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7281197","display_name":"Radio resource management","level":4,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37404715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380679","display_name":"Dynamic programming","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20729856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2078279","display_name":"Geometric programming","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3659886","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3659886","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G268157688","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LZ26F020009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3568190081","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62501529","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7427155411","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272414","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,86],"integration":[1],"of":[2,23,25,83,100,145,169],"wireless":[3,49],"power":[4],"transfer":[5],"(WPT)":[6],"and":[7,20,39,61,105,128,148],"mobile":[8],"edge":[9,43],"computing":[10],"(MEC)":[11],"provides":[12],"an":[13,139],"effective":[14],"solution":[15],"for":[16,142],"overcoming":[17],"the":[18,74,154,161,167,170],"energy":[19,34,106],"computational":[21],"limitations":[22],"Internet":[24],"Things":[26],"(IoT)":[27],"devices":[28],"by":[29],"enabling":[30],"them":[31],"to":[32,42,56,64,132],"harvest":[33],"from":[35],"radio":[36],"frequency":[37],"signals":[38],"offload":[40],"data":[41],"servers.":[44],"A":[45],"crucial":[46],"challenge":[47],"in":[48],"powered":[50],"MEC":[51],"(WP-MEC)":[52],"networks":[53],"is":[54,89],"how":[55],"efficiently":[57],"optimize":[58],"offloading":[59,76,103,134,149],"decisions":[60,104],"resource":[62],"allocation":[63],"enhance":[65],"overall":[66],"system":[67],"performance.":[68],"In":[69],"this":[70,110],"paper,":[71],"we":[72,112,137],"investigate":[73],"partial":[75],"strategy":[77],"within":[78],"a":[79,92,114,122],"WP-MEC":[80],"network":[81,124],"consisting":[82],"multiple":[84],"HAPs.":[85],"optimization":[87,140,144],"problem":[88,97],"formulated":[90],"as":[91],"Mixed-Integer":[93],"Non-linear":[94],"Programming":[95],"(MINLP)":[96],"with":[98],"variables":[99],"WPT":[101,146],"duration,":[102],"allocation.":[107],"To":[108],"solve":[109],"problem,":[111],"propose":[113],"deep":[115],"reinforcement":[116],"learning":[117],"(DRL)-based":[118],"framework,":[119],"which":[120,165],"employs":[121],"neural":[123],"architecture":[125],"combining":[126],"convolutional":[127],"fully":[129],"connected":[130],"layers":[131],"output":[133],"decisions.":[135],"Additionally,":[136],"design":[138],"algorithm":[141],"joint":[143],"duration":[147],"proportions.":[150],"Numerical":[151],"results":[152],"demonstrate":[153],"proposed":[155,171],"method":[156],"achieves":[157],"better":[158],"performance":[159],"than":[160],"existing":[162],"DRL":[163],"methods,":[164],"demonstrates":[166],"efficiency":[168],"method.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-09T06:09:20.037420","created_date":"2026-02-03T00:00:00"}
