{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7126114625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3659258","title":"Bridging the Gap: Seamless Indoor\u2013Outdoor GNSS Positioning for Smartphones in Tunnel Environments via Communication Leaky Coaxial Cables","display_name":"Bridging the Gap: Seamless Indoor\u2013Outdoor GNSS Positioning for Smartphones in Tunnel Environments via Communication Leaky Coaxial Cables","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7126114625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3659258"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3659258","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3659258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124217924","display_name":"Yinzhe Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinzhe Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory for Network System Architecture and Convergence, Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9586-3420","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Network System Architecture and Convergence, Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124156561","display_name":"Zhaoming Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaoming Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory for Network System Architecture and Convergence, Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0182-1770","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Network System Architecture and Convergence, Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yihong Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3666-0564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yihong Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory for Network System Architecture and Convergence, Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3666-0564","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Network System Architecture and Convergence, Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124208550","display_name":"Ziwen Luo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziwen Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory for Network System Architecture and Convergence, Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6627-0771","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Network System Architecture and Convergence, Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101186161","display_name":"Shuya Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1157-6190"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuya Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory for Network System Architecture and Convergence, Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1157-6190","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Network System Architecture and Convergence, Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124228586","display_name":"Yuhui Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhui Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Tower Corporation Ltd., Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Tower Corporation Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007193367","display_name":"Xinghe Chu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9363-6336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinghe Chu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory for Network System Architecture and Convergence, Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9363-6336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory for Network System Architecture and Convergence, Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Networks, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1144756,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"8","first_page":"16375","last_page":"16387"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.46619999408721924,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.46619999408721924,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.397599995136261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.06689999997615814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorange","display_name":"Pseudorange","score":0.6848000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.5705999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.521399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","score":0.42579999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precise-point-positioning","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","score":0.37689998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-positioning-system","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-navigation","display_name":"Satellite navigation","score":0.3555000126361847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7473000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174201072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187347","display_name":"Pseudorange","level":4,"score":0.6848000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.5705999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5407999753952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.521399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.42579999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202511199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239503","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","level":4,"score":0.37689998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187394410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","level":4,"score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50878840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3206297","display_name":"Ambiguity function","level":4,"score":0.3549000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.33059999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166212672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165162","display_name":"GNSS augmentation","level":4,"score":0.31459999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46637626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693015","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","level":2,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781327853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3552547","display_name":"User equipment","level":3,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12957241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15903792","display_name":"GPS signals","level":4,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781307350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6887221","display_name":"Mobile radio","level":2,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3659258","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3659258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5394406318664551}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"achieve":[1],"seamless":[2],"and":[3,113,126,142,163,181,205,218,228],"continuous":[4,58,71],"positioning":[5,168,179,221],"for":[6,95,216],"smartphones":[7,125],"in":[8,110,129,174,190],"tunnels,":[9,175],"where":[10],"the":[11,28,42,48,99,108,111,114,121,130,146,224],"Global":[12],"Navigation":[13],"Satellite":[14],"System":[15],"(GNSS)":[16],"signals":[17,44,97],"are":[18],"unavailable,":[19],"this":[20,85],"paper":[21],"proposes":[22],"a":[23,57,66,87,104,136,150,191],"new":[24],"method":[25,102,156],"that":[26,222],"leverages":[27],"existing":[29,76],"leaky":[30],"coaxial":[31],"cable":[32],"(LCX)":[33],"infrastructure":[34,215],"from":[35,46,124],"public":[36],"land":[37],"mobile":[38],"networks":[39],"to":[40,69,132,166],"introduce":[41],"GNSS":[43,72,96,178],"directly":[45],"outside":[47],"tunnels.":[49],"This":[50,101,211],"approach":[51],"introduces":[52],"three":[53],"key":[54],"innovations.":[55],"First,":[56],"hybrid":[59],"GNSS-LCX":[60],"channel":[61],"is":[62,93,157],"proposed":[63],"which":[64,159],"uses":[65],"waveguide-to-wireless":[67],"model":[68],"provide":[70],"signal":[73,139],"coverage":[74],"via":[75],"5G":[77,161,185],"LCX":[78],"without":[79],"requiring":[80],"dedicated":[81],"hardware.":[82],"Based":[83],"on":[84],"model,":[86],"bidirectional":[88],"clock":[89,118],"bias":[90],"cancellation":[91],"mechanism":[92],"designed":[94],"inside":[98],"tunnel.":[100],"establishes":[103],"quantitative":[105],"mapping":[106],"between":[107,226],"position":[109],"tunnel":[112,131,147,164,193,220,230],"pseudorange":[115],"observations":[116],"incorporating":[117],"bias,":[119],"enabling":[120],"residual":[122],"latency":[123,180],"wired":[127],"transmission":[128],"be":[133],"modeled":[134],"as":[135],"function":[137],"of":[138],"propagation":[140],"distance":[141],"user":[143],"tracks":[144],"within":[145],"environment.":[148],"Furthermore,":[149],"5G-enhanced":[151],"factor":[152],"graph":[153],"optimization":[154],"(FGO)":[155],"proposed,":[158],"integrates":[160],"measurements":[162],"topology":[165],"suppress":[167],"fluctuations":[169],"caused":[170],"by":[171,184],"multipath":[172],"effects":[173],"while":[176],"mitigating":[177],"ambiguity":[182],"induced":[183],"cell":[186],"handovers.":[187],"Field":[188],"tests":[189],"150-m":[192],"show":[194],"1.21":[195],"m":[196],"median":[197],"accuracy,":[198],"achieving":[199],"46%":[200],"higher":[201],"accuracy":[202],"than":[203,208],"fingerprinting":[204],"3.2\u00d7faster":[206],"convergence":[207],"conventional":[209],"methods.":[210],"solution":[212],"reuses":[213],"5G-LCX":[214],"cost-effective":[217],"consistent":[219],"bridges":[223],"gap":[225],"open-sky":[227],"underground":[229],"environments.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-01-30T00:00:00"}
