{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125077628","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3655361","title":"A Novel Ultrasonic Phased-Array Injection Attack on Voice-Controlled Devices","display_name":"A Novel Ultrasonic Phased-Array Injection Attack on Voice-Controlled Devices","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125077628","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3655361"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3655361","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3655361","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047012148","display_name":"Dongzhu Rong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7830-2867"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongzhu Rong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Network Computing and Security Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7830-2867","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Network Computing and Security Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123431560","display_name":"Qindong Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qindong Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2019-7886","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123371900","display_name":"Yan Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136859","display_name":"Xi\u2019an University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04jn0td46","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace Security, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace Security, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136859"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101843177","display_name":"Chao Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6959-0569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shen Chao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6959-0569","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026104847","display_name":"Xingyu Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2152-8483"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingyu Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Network Computing and Security Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Network Computing and Security Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.05123596,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"7","first_page":"13229","last_page":"13244"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.23759999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.23759999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.13300000131130219,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.05790000036358833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demodulation","display_name":"Demodulation","score":0.673799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.521399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4871000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasonic-sensor","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","score":0.47690001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.4661000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.4377000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.4223000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replay-attack","display_name":"Replay attack","score":0.387800008058548}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8235999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195251586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185939","display_name":"Demodulation","level":3,"score":0.673799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.521399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4871000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81288441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20736125","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","level":2,"score":0.47690001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.4661000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.4377000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.42579999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.4223000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11560541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756025","display_name":"Replay attack","level":3,"score":0.387800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.37209999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.36910000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778701210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28130034","display_name":"Constructive","level":3,"score":0.35670000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32833848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115054","display_name":"Extensibility","level":2,"score":0.3377000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.3068999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138331895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11650","display_name":"Electronics","level":2,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.2849999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13852961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17021880","display_name":"Heartbeat","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65856478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3991682","display_name":"Attack model","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3655361","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3655361","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1823682005","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22GXFW0079","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327495","funder_display_name":"Huai\u2019an Science and Technology Bureau"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5189907394","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272378","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G645104507","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023NSFSC0502","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329861","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6778145870","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022ZDLSF07-07","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336350","funder_display_name":"Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327495","display_name":"Huai\u2019an Science and Technology Bureau","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329861","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336350","display_name":"Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ultrasonic":[0],"injection":[1,41,91],"attacks":[2],"have":[3],"emerged":[4],"as":[5],"a":[6,37,62,69,122,189],"critical":[7],"security":[8,208],"threat":[9],"to":[10,25,61,72,121,151,198],"voice-controlled":[11,212],"devices":[12,67,213],"in":[13,177,214],"the":[14,31,51,56,78,85,111,118,133,157,162,185,205],"Internet":[15],"of":[16,50,90,135,161,196],"Things":[17],"(IoT).However,":[18],"most":[19],"existing":[20],"attack":[21,42,52,59,153,170,191],"methods":[22],"are":[23],"limited":[24],"single-device,":[26],"fixed-direction":[27],"point-to-point":[28,58],"attacks.":[29,92],"For":[30],"first":[32],"time,":[33],"this":[34],"paper":[35],"presents":[36],"novel":[38],"ultrasonic":[39],"voice":[40],"method\u2014Phased":[43],"Array":[44],"Attack":[45],"(PAA)\u2014which":[46],"enables":[47],"flexible":[48],"control":[49],"direction.":[53],"PAA":[54,93,143],"expands":[55],"traditional":[57],"paradigm":[60],"point-to-area":[63],"approach,":[64,164],"allowing":[65],"any":[66],"within":[68],"45\u00b0":[70],"sector":[71],"be":[73],"attacked":[74],"without":[75],"physically":[76],"moving":[77],"transmitting":[79],"apparatus.":[80],"This":[81],"method":[82,187],"significantly":[83],"enhances":[84],"flexibility,":[86],"scalability,":[87],"and":[88,131,147,159,172],"extensibility":[89],"offers":[94],"three":[95],"key":[96],"advantages:":[97],"(1)":[98],"high":[99,109,190],"stealth:":[100],"once":[101],"deployed,":[102],"it":[103],"can":[104],"target":[105],"multiple":[106],"devices;":[107],"(2)":[108],"compatibility:":[110],"signal":[112],"modulation":[113,138],"process":[114],"is":[115],"offloaded":[116],"from":[117],"hardware":[119],"platform":[120],"PC,":[123],"thus":[124],"avoiding":[125],"limitations":[126],"imposed":[127],"by":[128,211],"FPGA-based":[129,168],"implementations":[130],"enabling":[132],"use":[134],"more":[136],"powerful":[137],"algorithms;":[139],"(3)":[140],"theoretical":[141],"soundness:":[142],"employs":[144],"constructive":[145],"interference":[146],"nonlinear":[148],"demodulation":[149],"theory":[150],"enhance":[152],"performance.":[154],"To":[155],"validate":[156],"feasibility":[158],"effectiveness":[160],"proposed":[163,186],"we":[165],"developed":[166],"an":[167],"prototype":[169],"system":[171],"systematically":[173],"evaluated":[174],"its":[175],"performance":[176],"various":[178],"application":[179],"scenarios.":[180],"Experimental":[181],"results":[182],"show":[183],"that":[184],"achieves":[188],"success":[192],"rate":[193],"at":[194],"distances":[195],"up":[197],"5":[199],"meters.":[200],"These":[201],"findings":[202],"further":[203],"highlight":[204],"severe":[206],"physical-layer":[207],"challenges":[209],"faced":[210],"IoT":[215],"environments.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-24T13:16:06.693445","created_date":"2026-01-21T00:00:00"}