{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124148968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3654437","title":"Efficient On-Device Domain Learning for Keyword Spotting on Ultra-Low-Power Platforms","display_name":"Efficient On-Device Domain Learning for Keyword Spotting on Ultra-Low-Power Platforms","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124148968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3654437"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3654437","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3654437","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3654437","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017878657","display_name":"Cristian Cioflan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3243-4551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110470","display_name":"Richard Wolf (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01p3zwg66","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110470"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristian Cioflan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (D-ITET), Integrated Systems Laboratory, ETH Z&#x00FC;rich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3243-4551","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (D-ITET), Integrated Systems Laboratory, ETH Z&#x00FC;rich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025399641","display_name":"Lukas Cavigelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1767-7715"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146936","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jyqk712","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327","https://openalex.org/I4210146936"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lukas Cavigelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computing Systems Laboratory, Zurich Research Center, Huawei Technologies, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1767-7715","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing Systems Laboratory, Zurich Research Center, Huawei Technologies, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146936"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030025275","display_name":"Manuele Rusci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7458-4019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuele Rusci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7458-4019","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039374801","display_name":"Miguel de Prado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4350-1617"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel de Prado","raw_affiliation_strings":["VERSES, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4350-1617","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VERSES, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Luca Benini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8068-3806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110470","display_name":"Richard Wolf (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01p3zwg66","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110470"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Benini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (D-ITET), Integrated Systems Laboratory, ETH Z&#x00FC;rich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8068-3806","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (D-ITET), Integrated Systems Laboratory, ETH Z&#x00FC;rich, Z&#x00FC;rich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110470"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06441831,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"6","first_page":"10301","last_page":"10316"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.8776999711990356,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.8776999711990356,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.04259999841451645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.01080000028014183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keyword-spotting","display_name":"Keyword spotting","score":0.965499997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-adaptation","display_name":"Domain adaptation","score":0.6492000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spotting","display_name":"Spotting","score":0.6098999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.5605000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.557200014591217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.534500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.521399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.3752000033855438}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781213101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398558","display_name":"Keyword spotting","level":2,"score":0.965499997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8932999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776434776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19246213","display_name":"Domain adaptation","level":3,"score":0.6492000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779506182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7580141","display_name":"Spotting","level":2,"score":0.6098999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5827999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.5605000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.557200014591217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.534500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.521399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.45989999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3752000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45340560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215382","display_name":"Disjoint sets","level":2,"score":0.3684999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3617999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3506999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34290000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29265498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7047719","display_name":"Noise measurement","level":3,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.25519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778724510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7670405","display_name":"TIMIT","level":3,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.25220000743865967}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3654437","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3654437","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/783999","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/783999","pdf_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/e3e4e180-f79a-4f86-85c9-a1c0c71e7f1d","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Ieee Internet Of Things Journal, vol. 13 (6), (10301-10316)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.3929/ethz-c-000794219","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850/794219","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3654437","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3654437","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8507172327","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"207913","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","funder_display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/00yjd3n13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":90,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494198834","https://openalex.org/W1553469512","https://openalex.org/W1987454298","https://openalex.org/W2034940213","https://openalex.org/W2151484683","https://openalex.org/W2289394825","https://openalex.org/W2748659049","https://openalex.org/W2801554275","https://openalex.org/W2889511491","https://openalex.org/W2890992173","https://openalex.org/W2901749056","https://openalex.org/W2937769560","https://openalex.org/W2953219395","https://openalex.org/W2963664762","https://openalex.org/W2972541922","https://openalex.org/W2999172512","https://openalex.org/W3016218307","https://openalex.org/W3032636897","https://openalex.org/W3037988796","https://openalex.org/W3044515030","https://openalex.org/W3049586678","https://openalex.org/W3096197423","https://openalex.org/W3096976027","https://openalex.org/W3097878195","https://openalex.org/W3105915864","https://openalex.org/W3135377282","https://openalex.org/W3138218066","https://openalex.org/W3154934206","https://openalex.org/W3176579201","https://openalex.org/W3189002675","https://openalex.org/W3196077236","https://openalex.org/W3196974791","https://openalex.org/W3197949759","https://openalex.org/W3198035615","https://openalex.org/W3199053851","https://openalex.org/W3199421948","https://openalex.org/W3203242999","https://openalex.org/W4205689591","https://openalex.org/W4206567542","https://openalex.org/W4210820152","https://openalex.org/W4213348099","https://openalex.org/W4214601645","https://openalex.org/W4224916427","https://openalex.org/W4224919230","https://openalex.org/W4224933780","https://openalex.org/W4226046733","https://openalex.org/W4226442948","https://openalex.org/W4229064837","https://openalex.org/W4291214121","https://openalex.org/W4294691842","https://openalex.org/W4309287541","https://openalex.org/W4312096533","https://openalex.org/W4312227358","https://openalex.org/W4312465358","https://openalex.org/W4312772189","https://openalex.org/W4318464963","https://openalex.org/W4319862287","https://openalex.org/W4372346399","https://openalex.org/W4378373450","https://openalex.org/W4384699872","https://openalex.org/W4385822412","https://openalex.org/W4385822513","https://openalex.org/W4385823066","https://openalex.org/W4386472814","https://openalex.org/W4386473094","https://openalex.org/W4386580723","https://openalex.org/W4386590721","https://openalex.org/W4389476336","https://openalex.org/W4389664947","https://openalex.org/W4390970343","https://openalex.org/W4392007300","https://openalex.org/W4392903308","https://openalex.org/W4392904393","https://openalex.org/W4395028508","https://openalex.org/W4400811591","https://openalex.org/W4400811646","https://openalex.org/W4401568792","https://openalex.org/W4401809415","https://openalex.org/W4402111457","https://openalex.org/W4402543980","https://openalex.org/W4402904206","https://openalex.org/W4403826780","https://openalex.org/W4404034400","https://openalex.org/W4405013581","https://openalex.org/W4405710305","https://openalex.org/W4408353962","https://openalex.org/W4409153985","https://openalex.org/W4414154120","https://openalex.org/W4416064215","https://openalex.org/W4416248289"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"Neural":[1],"Network-based":[2],"Keyword":[3,91],"Spotting":[4,92],"accuracy":[5,20,61,114],"degrades":[6],"in":[7,27,34],"noisy":[8],"environments.":[9],"On-site":[10],"adaptation":[11,30,46,131,162],"to":[12,18,32,51,59,70,118,122,156],"previously":[13],"unseen":[14],"noise":[15,165],"is":[16,25,93,153],"crucial":[17],"recover":[19],"loss,":[21],"and":[22,68,103,112],"on-device":[23,44,110,160],"learning":[24,111],"required":[26],"scenarios":[28,89],"where":[29,90],"has":[31],"happen":[33],"the":[35,82,154],"field.":[36],"In":[37,86],"this":[38],"work,":[39],"we":[40,108],"propose":[41],"a":[42],"fully":[43],"domain":[45,130,161],"system,":[47],"enabling":[48],"edge":[49,88,173],"devices":[50],"achieve":[52,57],"noise-robust":[53],"keyword":[54,65,78,167],"spotting.":[55],"We":[56,127],"up":[58,69,117],"14%":[60],"gains":[62],"over":[63],"already-robust":[64],"spotting":[66,168],"models,":[67],"21%":[71],"increments":[72],"when":[73],"evaluating":[74],"our":[75],"methodology":[76],"on":[77,135,147,170],"datasets":[79],"disjoint":[80],"from":[81],"offline":[83],"training":[84],"set.":[85],"extreme":[87,172],"critical,":[94],"using":[95],"as":[96,98,139,141],"little":[97,140],"10":[99],"kB":[100],"of":[101,116],"memory":[102],"only":[104],"100":[105],"labeled":[106],"utterances,":[107],"enable":[109],"demonstrate":[113,157],"recovery":[115],"5%":[119],"after":[120],"adapting":[121],"complex,":[123],"non-stationary":[124],"speech":[125],"noise.":[126],"show":[128],"that":[129],"can":[132],"be":[133],"achieved":[134],"ultra-low-power":[136],"microcontrollers":[137],"with":[138],"357":[142],"mJ":[143],"within":[144],"14":[145],"seconds":[146],"always-on,":[148],"battery-operated":[149],"devices.":[150],"This":[151],"work":[152],"first":[155],"an":[158],"end-to-end":[159],"system":[163],"for":[164],"robust":[166],"models":[169],"ultra-low-power,":[171],"platforms.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-01-15T00:00:00"}
