{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124138519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3654134","title":"Communications Over Unlicensed Sub-8-GHz Spectrum: Opportunities and Challenges","display_name":"Communications Over Unlicensed Sub-8-GHz Spectrum: Opportunities and Challenges","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124138519","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3654134"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3654134","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3654134","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018363387","display_name":"Karim Saifullin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3918-0195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Karim Saifullin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Program, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Program, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123021476","display_name":"Hussein Al-Shatri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hussein Al-Shatri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Program, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Program, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123013065","display_name":"Mohamed-Slim Alouini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed-Slim Alouini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Program, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Program, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018363387"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15171661,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"6","first_page":"10474","last_page":"10497"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.6758000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.6758000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11873","display_name":"PAPR reduction in OFDM","score":0.11180000007152557,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13905","display_name":"Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technologies","score":0.04410000145435333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrum-management","display_name":"Spectrum management","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-spaces","display_name":"White spaces","score":0.6208000183105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broadband","display_name":"Broadband","score":0.6083999872207642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broadband-networks","display_name":"Broadband networks","score":0.5103999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-spectrum","display_name":"Radio spectrum","score":0.4975000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"Cognitive radio","score":0.4359000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.42559999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.42239999771118164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63029442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504978","display_name":"Spectrum management","level":4,"score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6736999750137329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.6514999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96391052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256313","display_name":"White spaces","level":4,"score":0.6208000183105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509933004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194163","display_name":"Broadband","level":2,"score":0.6083999872207642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125599584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15057100","display_name":"Broadband networks","level":3,"score":0.5103999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92545706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902174","display_name":"Radio spectrum","level":2,"score":0.4975000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.4359000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.42559999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.42239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4097000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.40939998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109747225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815758","display_name":"Scarcity","level":2,"score":0.36559998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85608190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922050","display_name":"Wireless broadband","level":4,"score":0.365200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41918916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"PHY","level":4,"score":0.3555999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.35260000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134579502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455619","display_name":"Frequency allocation","level":2,"score":0.3467000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020442560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4971815","display_name":"Broad spectrum","level":2,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989466925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061197","display_name":"Radio networks","level":4,"score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.30070000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110994511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q661020","display_name":"Next-generation network","level":3,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778605646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223729","display_name":"White paper","level":2,"score":0.2551000118255615}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3654134","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3654134","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6542250514030457,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":104,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1601490018","https://openalex.org/W1968594182","https://openalex.org/W2133088499","https://openalex.org/W2288743145","https://openalex.org/W2493910502","https://openalex.org/W2547596144","https://openalex.org/W2552804020","https://openalex.org/W2590050480","https://openalex.org/W2611185577","https://openalex.org/W2620607650","https://openalex.org/W2741469062","https://openalex.org/W2746665231","https://openalex.org/W2746866883","https://openalex.org/W2755638337","https://openalex.org/W2765510838","https://openalex.org/W2765948410","https://openalex.org/W2767559053","https://openalex.org/W2792460134","https://openalex.org/W2793907422","https://openalex.org/W2890950736","https://openalex.org/W2895979956","https://openalex.org/W2898283134","https://openalex.org/W2898565097","https://openalex.org/W2899643006","https://openalex.org/W2900385765","https://openalex.org/W2903243522","https://openalex.org/W2905503927","https://openalex.org/W2953644810","https://openalex.org/W2955790228","https://openalex.org/W2956856928","https://openalex.org/W2963609486","https://openalex.org/W2964297490","https://openalex.org/W2965146492","https://openalex.org/W2980207533","https://openalex.org/W2982143035","https://openalex.org/W2999447701","https://openalex.org/W2999638909","https://openalex.org/W3011871391","https://openalex.org/W3014106348","https://openalex.org/W3019603354","https://openalex.org/W3026933913","https://openalex.org/W3046026968","https://openalex.org/W3048945047","https://openalex.org/W3094795066","https://openalex.org/W3109340983","https://openalex.org/W3110402513","https://openalex.org/W3112680140","https://openalex.org/W3114093483","https://openalex.org/W3115176121","https://openalex.org/W3119434194","https://openalex.org/W3128105947","https://openalex.org/W3135725526","https://openalex.org/W3156569560","https://openalex.org/W3172576246","https://openalex.org/W3180191325","https://openalex.org/W3195456681","https://openalex.org/W3196479015","https://openalex.org/W3210590859","https://openalex.org/W3217301236","https://openalex.org/W4205224043","https://openalex.org/W4206034527","https://openalex.org/W4206771098","https://openalex.org/W4214578758","https://openalex.org/W4225408471","https://openalex.org/W4285289634","https://openalex.org/W4285818920","https://openalex.org/W4289656442","https://openalex.org/W4306376926","https://openalex.org/W4311075865","https://openalex.org/W4311789031","https://openalex.org/W4311874359","https://openalex.org/W4311923021","https://openalex.org/W4312311124","https://openalex.org/W4312500135","https://openalex.org/W4315630079","https://openalex.org/W4322764434","https://openalex.org/W4360605011","https://openalex.org/W4360953202","https://openalex.org/W4380364501","https://openalex.org/W4385347281","https://openalex.org/W4386571432","https://openalex.org/W4387448438","https://openalex.org/W4388996514","https://openalex.org/W4389542105","https://openalex.org/W4389543696","https://openalex.org/W4392825395","https://openalex.org/W4395096687","https://openalex.org/W4399486561","https://openalex.org/W4399531357","https://openalex.org/W4400112999","https://openalex.org/W4400945879","https://openalex.org/W4403758980","https://openalex.org/W4404238577","https://openalex.org/W4404787396","https://openalex.org/W4405014636","https://openalex.org/W4405103579","https://openalex.org/W4405626024","https://openalex.org/W4410087093","https://openalex.org/W4410204447","https://openalex.org/W4411950066","https://openalex.org/W4413321005","https://openalex.org/W4415715130","https://openalex.org/W4417211988","https://openalex.org/W7108228310"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,71,129],"use":[1],"of":[2,36,45,119],"unlicensed":[3,37,46,166],"spectrum":[4,10,47,121],"offers":[5],"a":[6,17,42,84,100,141,158],"promising":[7],"solution":[8],"to":[9,20,126],"scarcity":[11],"in":[12,164,169],"densely":[13],"populated":[14],"areas":[15],"and":[16,29,62,65,80,108,112,144,150,171],"cost-effective":[18],"way":[19],"connect":[21],"underserved":[22],"regions.":[23],"Recognizing":[24],"this":[25],"potential,":[26],"both":[27,168],"academia":[28,170],"industry":[30],"are":[31],"actively":[32],"exploring":[33],"innovative":[34],"uses":[35],"spectrum.":[38],"This":[39,153],"work":[40,154],"presents":[41],"broad":[43],"overview":[44],"bands":[48,122],"below":[49],"8":[50],"GHz,":[51],"including":[52],"TV":[53],"White":[54],"Spaces,":[55],"Civil":[56],"Broadband":[57],"Radio":[58],"Services,":[59],"Industrial,":[60],"Scientific,":[61],"Medical":[63],"bands,":[64],"the":[66,116,148,165],"Unlicensed":[67],"National":[68],"Information":[69],"Infrastructure.":[70],"paper":[72],"examines":[73],"three":[74],"main":[75],"aspects:":[76],"regulations,":[77],"existing":[78],"technologies,":[79,106],"applications.":[81,114],"Regulations":[82],"play":[83],"central":[85],"role,":[86],"as":[87,157],"understanding":[88],"these":[89,120],"rules":[90],"is":[91],"vital":[92],"since":[93],"\u201cunlicensed\u201d":[94],"does":[95],"not":[96],"mean":[97],"\u201cunregulated\u201d.":[98],"From":[99],"technological":[101],"perspective,":[102],"we":[103,139],"review":[104],"current":[105],"standards,":[107],"products,":[109],"their":[110],"features,":[111],"related":[113,125],"Furthermore,":[115],"shared":[117],"nature":[118],"introduces":[123],"challenges":[124],"user":[127],"interference.":[128],"communication":[130],"collisions":[131],"can":[132],"be":[133],"managed":[134],"through":[135],"two":[136],"primary":[137],"strategies":[138],"described:":[140],"database-driven":[142],"approach":[143],"coexistence":[145],"mechanisms":[146],"at":[147],"MAC":[149],"PHY":[151],"layers.":[152],"may":[155],"serve":[156],"starting":[159],"point":[160],"for":[161],"those":[162],"interested":[163],"spectrum,":[167],"industry.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T07:00:12.390032","created_date":"2026-01-15T00:00:00"}