{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124161169","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3654027","title":"A Novel Ultralow-Power, Battery-Less BLE Plant Monitoring, and Energy Harvesting System","display_name":"A Novel Ultralow-Power, Battery-Less BLE Plant Monitoring, and Energy Harvesting System","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124161169","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3654027"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3654027","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3654027","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001111968","display_name":"Alfiero Leoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0066-4216"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alfiero Leoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, and Economics, University of L&#x2019;Aquila, L&#x2019;Aquila, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0066-4216","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, and Economics, University of L&#x2019;Aquila, L&#x2019;Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010560146","display_name":"Davide Colaiuda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8488-9606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800738734","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso","ror":"https://ror.org/02s8k0k61","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I2800738734"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davide Colaiuda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Assergi, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8488-9606","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Assergi, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800738734"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123053234","display_name":"Vincenzo Stornelli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincenzo Stornelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, and Economics, University of L&#x2019;Aquila, L&#x2019;Aquila, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7082-9429","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, and Economics, University of L&#x2019;Aquila, L&#x2019;Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122999891","display_name":"Giuseppe Ferri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Ferri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, and Economics, University of L&#x2019;Aquila, L&#x2019;Aquila, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8060-9558","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, and Economics, University of L&#x2019;Aquila, L&#x2019;Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001111968"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.08741316,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"7","first_page":"12851","last_page":"12862"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11230","display_name":"Innovative Energy Harvesting Technologies","score":0.8098000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11230","display_name":"Innovative Energy Harvesting Technologies","score":0.8098000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12813","display_name":"Plant and Biological Electrophysiology Studies","score":0.04610000178217888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.028699999675154686,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-harvesting","display_name":"Energy harvesting","score":0.8346999883651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5631999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.5214999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5006999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-acquisition","display_name":"Data acquisition","score":0.4449000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-storage","display_name":"Energy storage","score":0.438400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3833000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-potential-energy","display_name":"Electric potential energy","score":0.3785000145435333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101518730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930236","display_name":"Energy harvesting","level":3,"score":0.8346999883651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5971999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5631999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5214999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5006999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163985040","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172399","display_name":"Data acquisition","level":2,"score":0.4449000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.438400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4018000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3833000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3824999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98576551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841798","display_name":"Electric potential energy","level":3,"score":0.3785000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.37700000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.3531999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.32739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3116999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140311924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200928","display_name":"Electric power transmission","level":2,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113608303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056835","display_name":"Transmission system","level":3,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.2856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4725764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844704","display_name":"Extraction (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116615679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795908","display_name":"Maximum power principle","level":3,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92018576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3242194","display_name":"Power transmission","level":3,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24939127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499","display_name":"Water content","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176864760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217651","display_name":"Moisture","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3654027","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3654027","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8774365782737732}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"the":[3,29,40,58,111,120,163,186],"design,":[4],"implementation,":[5],"and":[6,88,96,106,136,179,190],"experimental":[7],"validation":[8],"of":[9,124,145,177,188],"a":[10,22,44,77,82,133,141,154,171],"fully":[11],"battery-less":[12,191],"BLE-enabled":[13],"plant":[14,104,114],"monitoring":[15],"system,":[16],"powered":[17],"by":[18],"energy":[19,46,66,73,143,168],"harvested":[20,72],"from":[21],"plant\u2013soil\u2013electrode":[23],"interface.":[24],"The":[25,71,127],"proposed":[26],"system":[27,128],"leverages":[28],"electrochemical":[30],"potential":[31],"difference":[32],"between":[33],"two":[34],"dissimilar":[35],"metal":[36],"electrodes":[37,118],"inserted":[38],"in":[39,76,91],"soil":[41,180],"to":[42,131,165,169],"drive":[43],"low-power":[45],"harvesting":[47],"circuit.":[48],"A":[49],"Maximum":[50],"Power":[51],"Point":[52],"Tracking":[53],"(MPPT)":[54],"strategy":[55],"based":[56],"on":[57,101],"Fractional":[59],"Open":[60],"Circuit":[61],"Voltage":[62],"method":[63],"ensures":[64],"optimal":[65],"extraction":[67],"across":[68],"variable":[69],"conditions.":[70],"is":[74],"stored":[75],"small":[78],"supercapacitor,":[79],"which":[80],"powers":[81],"BLE":[83,137],"SoC":[84],"performing":[85],"environmental":[86],"sensing":[87,135],"data":[89,161],"transmission":[90,138],"periodic":[92,172],"bursts.":[93],"Experimental":[94],"I\u2013V":[95],"P\u2013V":[97],"characterizations":[98],"were":[99],"performed":[100],"five":[102],"different":[103],"species":[105],"multiple":[107],"electrode":[108],"combinations,":[109],"with":[110,116,140],"Dieffenbachia":[112],"Seguine":[113],"coupled":[115],"copper/zinc":[117],"achieving":[119],"highest":[121],"power":[122],"output":[123],"47":[125],"\u03bcW.":[126],"was":[129],"able":[130],"complete":[132],"full":[134],"cycle":[139],"total":[142],"requirement":[144],"19.4":[146],"mJ,":[147],"accumulated":[148],"within":[149],"approximately":[150],"6.9":[151],"minutes":[152,176],"using":[153],"4.7":[155],"mF":[156],"storage":[157],"capacitor.":[158],"Acquired":[159],"sensor":[160],"demonstrate":[162],"ability":[164],"harvest":[166],"sufficient":[167],"support":[170],"acquisition":[173],"every":[174],"8":[175],"light":[178],"moisture":[181],"values":[182],"over":[183],"time,":[184],"validating":[185],"feasibility":[187],"autonomous":[189],"operation.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-26T06:05:38.182114","created_date":"2026-01-15T00:00:00"}
