{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123884158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3653894","title":"FastPaD: A Fast Privacy-Preserving Password Similarity Leakage Detection Protocol for IoT Services","display_name":"FastPaD: A Fast Privacy-Preserving Password Similarity Leakage Detection Protocol for IoT Services","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123884158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3653894"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3653894","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3653894","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060155268","display_name":"Dianhua Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3169-4928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dianhua Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3169-4928","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122959237","display_name":"Hongwei Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongwei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1961-7946","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122932244","display_name":"Xinyuan Qian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyuan Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3247-6516","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001668232","display_name":"Xiaopeng Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7658-6675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800372957","display_name":"China Electronics Technology Group Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/0098hst83","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaopeng Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["No.30 Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7658-6675","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"No.30 Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800372957"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122985938","display_name":"Shuailing Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuailing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046950426","display_name":"Guowen Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9764-9345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guowen Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9764-9345","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06188299,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"6","first_page":"10865","last_page":"10880"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.1467999964952469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.1467999964952469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.12309999763965607,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.10429999977350235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.7912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.6093000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.553600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5005999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-leakage","display_name":"Information leakage","score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.3799000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sliding-window-protocol","display_name":"Sliding window protocol","score":0.3483000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.2989000082015991}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.7912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.6093000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.553600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.513700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5005999803543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4611000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.3799000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102392041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q592860","display_name":"Sliding window protocol","level":3,"score":0.3483000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.2989000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.28450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41878487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191018","display_name":"Session Initiation Protocol","level":3,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13652956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444883","display_name":"Secure two-party computation","level":4,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.2538999915122986}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3653894","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3653894","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3971345126","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BX20250389","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4852411779","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2026NSFSC0431","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7486496408","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62502075","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8950759504","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2026NSFSC1466","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1577229502","https://openalex.org/W1966731635","https://openalex.org/W2073342447","https://openalex.org/W2535199873","https://openalex.org/W2765667105","https://openalex.org/W2766393794","https://openalex.org/W2789202651","https://openalex.org/W2795187181","https://openalex.org/W2889629344","https://openalex.org/W2931153881","https://openalex.org/W2987263720","https://openalex.org/W3023316635","https://openalex.org/W3083028011","https://openalex.org/W3166283285","https://openalex.org/W3199686039","https://openalex.org/W4307823778","https://openalex.org/W4389850847","https://openalex.org/W4393242427","https://openalex.org/W4403137248","https://openalex.org/W4405279013"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,5,100,107,130,173,188],"digital":[2],"age":[3],"of":[4,7,19,79,102,109,152,160,183],"Internet":[6],"Things,":[8],"users":[9],"rely":[10],"extensively":[11],"on":[12],"online":[13],"accounts":[14],"to":[15,56,123,187,208],"access":[16],"a":[17,51,66,120,148,156,180,194,201,213,218],"variety":[18],"IoT":[20],"services":[21],"and":[22,32,94,126,134,155,200,217],"applications.":[23],"However,":[24],"password":[25,58],"leakage":[26,60],"significantly":[27,98],"threatens":[28],"users\u2019":[29],"privacy,":[30],"assets,":[31],"reputations,":[33],"making":[34],"passwords":[35],"primary":[36],"targets":[37],"for":[38],"cyberattacks,":[39],"including":[40],"credential-guessing":[41],"attacks.":[42],"To":[43],"address":[44],"this":[45,47],"vulnerability,":[46],"paper":[48],"proposes":[49],"FastPaD,":[50],"Fast":[52],"privacy-preserving":[53],"protocol":[54,83],"designed":[55],"detect":[57],"similarity":[59,144,167],"using":[61],"homomorphic":[62,71,103],"encryption.":[63],"FastPaD":[64,118,146,171,191,211],"employs":[65],"novel":[67],"<italic":[68,90],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[69,91],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">horizontal":[70],"batch":[72,77],"encoding":[73],"method</i>,":[74],"facilitating":[75],"efficient":[76],"detection":[78,149,168,174],"similar":[80],"passwords.":[81],"The":[82],"also":[84],"incorporates":[85],"optimization":[86],"strategies":[87],"such":[88],"as":[89],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">polynomial":[92],"partitioning":[93],"power":[95],"computation":[96,150,198,216],"windowing</i>,":[97],"reducing":[99],"depth":[101],"multiplications.":[104],"This":[105],"enables":[106],"use":[108],"smaller":[110],"encryption":[111],"parameters,":[112],"which":[113],"improves":[114],"computational":[115,135],"efficiency.":[116,206],"Moreover,":[117],"features":[119],"customizable":[121],"mechanism":[122],"balance":[124],"functionality":[125],"performance,":[127],"effectively":[128],"optimizing":[129],"trade-off":[131],"between":[132],"communication":[133,158,181,205,222],"overhead.":[136,223],"Experimental":[137],"results":[138],"demonstrate":[139],"that":[140],"in":[141,176,197,204,221],"scenarios":[142],"without":[143],"detection,":[145],"achieves":[147],"time":[151,199],"0.17":[153],"seconds":[154,178],"total":[157],"overhead":[159,182],"3.88":[161],"MB,":[162],"surpassing":[163],"state-of-the-art":[164],"protocols.":[165],"When":[166],"is":[169],"enabled,":[170],"completes":[172],"process":[175],"6.45":[177],"with":[179],"10.64":[184],"MB.":[185],"Compared":[186],"Pipa":[189],"protocol,":[190,210],"provides":[192],"approximately":[193],"2.70\u00d7":[195],"improvement":[196,203],"22.27\u00d7":[202],"Relative":[207],"Yu\u2019s":[209],"demonstrates":[212],"15.78\u00d7":[214],"faster":[215],"1.31\u00d7":[219],"reduction":[220]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T07:00:12.390032","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}
