{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123349177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3653006","title":"SNC Analysis of End-to-End Delay in Cross-Media Tandem Links: An Acoustic-Radio Coupling Model","display_name":"SNC Analysis of End-to-End Delay in Cross-Media Tandem Links: An Acoustic-Radio Coupling Model","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123349177","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3653006"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3653006","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3653006","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102651752","display_name":"Ruofan Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruofan Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1831-7502","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101548135","display_name":"Zhigang Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9019-5468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhigang Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9019-5468","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044746695","display_name":"Xingshun Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingshun Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081237699","display_name":"Gang Qiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4767-0015","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Underwater Acoustic Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0406108,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"6","first_page":"10711","last_page":"10726"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cumulative-distribution-function","display_name":"Cumulative distribution function","score":0.5900999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.5457000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.4618000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coupling","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","score":0.43650001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.4311999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.38269999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.3711000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-model","display_name":"Markov model","score":0.35260000824928284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7394000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103784038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386228","display_name":"Cumulative distribution function","level":3,"score":0.5900999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.5457000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.4618000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.43650001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.4311999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.41179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.38269999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.3711000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163836022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6771326","display_name":"Markov model","level":3,"score":0.35260000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8272713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176737","display_name":"Stochastic process","level":2,"score":0.34130001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.33970001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169111936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424098","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","level":3,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111350023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1191869","display_name":"Markov chain Monte Carlo","level":3,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97744766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870845","display_name":"Channel capacity","level":3,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48406656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q534112","display_name":"Martingale (probability theory)","level":2,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123614077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364905","display_name":"Propagation of uncertainty","level":2,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147080032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176720","display_name":"Continuous-time Markov chain","level":5,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90806461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144416","display_name":"Propagation delay","level":2,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113508815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193446","display_name":"Packet switching","level":3,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.25380000472068787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3653006","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3653006","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7186710810","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFC2810200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8535248862","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JJ-2023-715-02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335259","funder_display_name":"Foundation for the Development of Science and Technology Museums in China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335259","display_name":"Foundation for the Development of Science and Technology Museums in China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1511241204","https://openalex.org/W1514593636","https://openalex.org/W1993145830","https://openalex.org/W1998790377","https://openalex.org/W2012958378","https://openalex.org/W2071363896","https://openalex.org/W2116690616","https://openalex.org/W2132548797","https://openalex.org/W2136705859","https://openalex.org/W2155303087","https://openalex.org/W2170044052","https://openalex.org/W2520560258","https://openalex.org/W2766908079","https://openalex.org/W2899729262","https://openalex.org/W2909223649","https://openalex.org/W2916770077","https://openalex.org/W2917367230","https://openalex.org/W2952022795","https://openalex.org/W3004805950","https://openalex.org/W3018801194","https://openalex.org/W3022221296","https://openalex.org/W3083033939","https://openalex.org/W3088689313","https://openalex.org/W3098740154","https://openalex.org/W3099572069","https://openalex.org/W3113978062","https://openalex.org/W3118915570","https://openalex.org/W3195720537","https://openalex.org/W4212860093","https://openalex.org/W4229453840","https://openalex.org/W4285171776","https://openalex.org/W4288048637","https://openalex.org/W4296501318","https://openalex.org/W4319863668","https://openalex.org/W4365420267","https://openalex.org/W4385864497","https://openalex.org/W4386088155","https://openalex.org/W4388762611","https://openalex.org/W4389086447","https://openalex.org/W4403210262","https://openalex.org/W4403938371","https://openalex.org/W4405056284","https://openalex.org/W4406218090"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"End-to-end":[0],"(E2E)":[1],"delay":[2,55,137,196],"analysis":[3,210],"is":[4,65,91,155],"a":[5,26,45,85,144,192],"prerequisite":[6],"for":[7,53,93,104,112,147,208],"protocol":[8],"and":[9,23,60,74,81,108,132,181,194,211],"algorithm":[10],"design":[11],"in":[12,56],"water-air":[13],"cross-media":[14],"heterogeneous":[15],"networks":[16],"(WACHN).":[17],"However,":[18],"the":[19,69,79,94,113,123,139,148,162,185,200,204],"heterogeneity":[20,134],"of":[21,126,213],"protocols":[22],"channels":[24],"poses":[25],"significant":[27],"challenge,":[28],"as":[29,178],"existing":[30],"analytical":[31,51,170],"methods":[32],"cannot":[33],"accommodate":[34],"such":[35,177],"diverse":[36],"models.":[37,83],"To":[38,160],"address":[39],"this":[40,42,120],"gap,":[41],"work":[43,121],"proposes":[44],"stochastic":[46],"network":[47],"calculus":[48],"(SNC)":[49],"based":[50],"framework":[52,202],"E2E":[54,136],"WACHN.":[57],"Specifically,":[58],"radio":[59],"underwater":[61,95],"acoustic":[62,96],"channel":[63,72],"performance":[64,209],"characterized":[66],"by":[67],"modeling":[68],"relationship":[70],"between":[71],"quality":[73],"bit":[75],"error":[76],"rate":[77],"using":[78,157],"three-ray":[80],"Thorp":[82],"Furthermore,":[84],"Markov":[86],"state":[87],"transition":[88],"service":[89],"model":[90],"introduced":[92],"fountain":[97],"code-based":[98],"automatic":[99],"repeat":[100],"request":[101],"mechanism,":[102],"accounting":[103],"packet":[105,129],"fragmentation,":[106],"redundancy,":[107],"non-traffic":[109],"conservation":[110],"characteristics":[111],"first":[114,205],"time.":[115],"Building":[116],"on":[117,135],"these":[118],"models,":[119],"quantifies":[122],"coupling":[124],"effects":[125],"media":[127,217],"switching,":[128],"size":[130],"variations,":[131],"slot-scale":[133],"within":[138],"proposed":[140,201],"SNC":[141],"framework.":[142],"Subsequently,":[143],"closed-form":[145],"expression":[146],"delay\u2019s":[149],"complementary":[150],"cumulative":[151],"distribution":[152,179],"function":[153],"(CCDF)":[154],"derived":[156,186],"martingale":[158],"theory.":[159],"validate":[161],"theoretical":[163,206],"derivation,":[164],"Monte":[165],"Carlo":[166],"simulations":[167],"demonstrate":[168],"that":[169],"results":[171],"accurately":[172],"capture":[173],"key":[174],"statistical":[175],"features":[176],"shape":[180],"tail":[182],"behavior,":[183],"validating":[184],"CCDF":[187],"expression\u2019s":[188],"ability":[189],"to":[190],"provide":[191],"strict":[193],"effective":[195],"upper":[197],"bound.":[198],"Consequently,":[199],"establishes":[203],"foundation":[207],"optimization":[212],"WACHN,":[214],"comprehensively":[215],"addressing":[216],"disparities.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T07:00:12.390032","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}