{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123353771","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3652734","title":"Detecting Ethereum Smart Contract Vulnerabilities via Bytecode Image Analysis","display_name":"Detecting Ethereum Smart Contract Vulnerabilities via Bytecode Image Analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123353771","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3652734"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3652734","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3652734","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122893157","display_name":"Giancarlo Fortino","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45204951","display_name":"University of Calabria","ror":"https://ror.org/02rc97e94","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giancarlo Fortino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Modeling, Electronics, and Systems, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4039-891X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Modeling, Electronics, and Systems, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033673694","display_name":"Claudia Greco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4929-2289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45204951","display_name":"University of Calabria","ror":"https://ror.org/02rc97e94","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudia Greco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical, Energy and Management Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4929-2289","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Energy and Management Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011937230","display_name":"Antonella Guzzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3159-0536"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45204951","display_name":"University of Calabria","ror":"https://ror.org/02rc97e94","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonella Guzzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Modeling, Electronics, and Systems, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3159-0536","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Modeling, Electronics, and Systems, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111137951","display_name":"Usman Tahir","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112859197","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 di Camerino","ror":"https://ror.org/0005w8d69","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112859197"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Usman Tahir","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8606-1829","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112859197"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093577277","display_name":"Fiza Siyal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45204951","display_name":"University of Calabria","ror":"https://ror.org/02rc97e94","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fiza Siyal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Modeling, Electronics, and Systems, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7731-8417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Modeling, Electronics, and Systems, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45204951"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.9972,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98024108,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"6","first_page":"12461","last_page":"12472"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.847000002861023,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.847000002861023,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.034699998795986176,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.027400000020861626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bytecode","display_name":"Bytecode","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.6675999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability","display_name":"Adaptability","score":0.5270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5245000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.45820000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supply-chain","display_name":"Supply chain","score":0.44999998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-integrity","display_name":"Data integrity","score":0.4447999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.4023999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.39489999413490295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8492000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779818221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837330","display_name":"Bytecode","level":3,"score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.6675999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.5270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5245000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.48809999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.45820000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108713360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206","display_name":"Supply chain","level":2,"score":0.44999998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.4447999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4023999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.39489999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3635999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.3472999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.34540000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.3431999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.34310001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3418000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152752567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116877","display_name":"Code refactoring","level":3,"score":0.34049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.3398999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165609540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172486","display_name":"Data breach","level":2,"score":0.3294999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167063184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","level":3,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154690210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1668499","display_name":"Rewriting","level":2,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113863187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17498","display_name":"SCADA","level":2,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137287247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329550","display_name":"Static program analysis","level":4,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10511746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899388","display_name":"Data security","level":3,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.26030001044273376}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3652734","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3652734","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2314447058","https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W2769905020","https://openalex.org/W2805052744","https://openalex.org/W2846896781","https://openalex.org/W2903599835","https://openalex.org/W2963610883","https://openalex.org/W2970809537","https://openalex.org/W2998306639","https://openalex.org/W3003036212","https://openalex.org/W3013972692","https://openalex.org/W3026203297","https://openalex.org/W3043576244","https://openalex.org/W3088273379","https://openalex.org/W3092117182","https://openalex.org/W3119336689","https://openalex.org/W3122066936","https://openalex.org/W3165214486","https://openalex.org/W3182763642","https://openalex.org/W3187454871","https://openalex.org/W3214421193","https://openalex.org/W4220771946","https://openalex.org/W4297146881","https://openalex.org/W4304127651","https://openalex.org/W4306931660","https://openalex.org/W4313563778","https://openalex.org/W4316661173","https://openalex.org/W4318830530","https://openalex.org/W4324007147","https://openalex.org/W4361276297","https://openalex.org/W4367047249","https://openalex.org/W4367299469","https://openalex.org/W4383558957","https://openalex.org/W4385255360","https://openalex.org/W4386998719","https://openalex.org/W4388541879","https://openalex.org/W4388739372","https://openalex.org/W4396798123","https://openalex.org/W4401718828","https://openalex.org/W4403318601","https://openalex.org/W4404140047","https://openalex.org/W4409209892"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"contracts":[1],"are":[2],"increasingly":[3],"being":[4],"adopted":[5],"in":[6,28],"modern":[7],"supply":[8,44],"chain":[9,30,45],"(SC)":[10],"systems,":[11],"offering":[12,127],"a":[13,35,128,137,182],"transformative":[14],"shift":[15],"from":[16,49,142],"traditional":[17],"centralized":[18],"models":[19],"to":[20,38,65,123],"decentralized,":[21],"automated,":[22],"and":[23,41,91,118,130,157,172,184,192],"trustless":[24],"processes.":[25],"However,":[26],"vulnerabilities":[27],"the":[29,39,110,120,148,151,166,189],"of":[31,43,59,94,115,150,195],"smart":[32,83,197],"contract":[33,84],"represent":[34],"critical":[36],"threat":[37],"reliability":[40],"security":[42],"ecosystems,":[46],"often":[47],"arising":[48],"intricate":[50],"logical":[51],"flaws,":[52],"unintended":[53],"inter-contract":[54],"interactions,":[55],"or":[56,70,107],"improper":[57],"handling":[58],"user":[60],"input\u2014issues":[61],"that":[62,81,101],"remain":[63],"difficult":[64],"uncover":[66],"through":[67],"conventional":[68],"testing":[69],"manual":[71],"auditing.":[72],"This":[73],"paper":[74],"introduces":[75],"an":[76,158],"innovative":[77],"deep":[78],"learning\u2013based":[79],"methodology":[80],"transforms":[82],"bytecode":[85],"into":[86],"image":[87],"representations,":[88],"enabling":[89],"precise":[90],"efficient":[92],"classification":[93],"diverse":[95],"vulnerability":[96],"patterns.":[97],"Unlike":[98],"existing":[99],"approaches":[100],"rely":[102],"on":[103,136],"source":[104,116],"code":[105,117],"availability":[106],"dynamic":[108,124],"execution,":[109],"proposed":[111,152],"framework":[112,167],"operates":[113],"independently":[114],"circumvents":[119],"limitations":[121],"inherent":[122],"analysis,":[125],"thereby":[126],"versatile":[129],"system-agnostic":[131],"solution.":[132],"Experimental":[133],"evaluations":[134],"conducted":[135],"newly":[138],"curated":[139],"dataset":[140],"collected":[141],"multiple":[143],"publicly":[144],"available":[145],"repositories":[146],"demonstrate":[147],"robustness":[149],"method,":[153],"achieving":[154],"92.24%":[155],"accuracy":[156],"89.06%":[159],"F1-score.":[160],"Beyond":[161],"its":[162],"strong":[163],"empirical":[164],"performance,":[165],"ensures":[168],"reproducibility,":[169],"data":[170],"transparency,":[171],"adaptability":[173],"across":[174],"heterogeneous":[175],"blockchain":[176,196],"environments.":[177],"Collectively,":[178],"these":[179],"contributions":[180],"establish":[181],"comprehensive":[183],"accessible":[185],"foundation":[186],"for":[187],"enhancing":[188],"detection,":[190],"mitigation,":[191],"overall":[193],"resilience":[194],"contracts.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}
