{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123334919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3651738","title":"Research on UAV IM-PID Hybrid Control Spraying Method for Complex Canopy Environment in Tropical Orchards","display_name":"Research on UAV IM-PID Hybrid Control Spraying Method for Complex Canopy Environment in Tropical Orchards","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123334919","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3651738"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3651738","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3651738","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ruipeng Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0039-9728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruipeng Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["NUS Centre for Urban Agriculture (CUVA), National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0039-9728","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NUS Centre for Urban Agriculture (CUVA), National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101292876","display_name":"Jianrui Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96733725","display_name":"Shanghai Maritime University","ror":"https://ror.org/04z7qrj66","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianrui Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, School of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, School of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96733725"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032680537","display_name":"Narendra Kumar Aridas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9999-8971"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Narendra Kumar Aridas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9999-8971","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065195068","display_name":"Mohamad Sofian Abu Talip","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1111-5770"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33849332","display_name":"University of Malaya","ror":"https://ror.org/00rzspn62","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamad Sofian Abu Talip","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1111-5770","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33849332"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016038768","display_name":"Loy Chee Luen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143923087","display_name":"Sultan Idris Education University","ror":"https://ror.org/005bjd415","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143923087"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Loy Chee Luen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Human Development, Sultan Idris Education University, Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Human Development, Sultan Idris Education University, Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143923087"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.04472419,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"6","first_page":"12473","last_page":"12490"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12161","display_name":"Plant Surface Properties and Treatments","score":0.9642999768257141,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12161","display_name":"Plant Surface Properties and Treatments","score":0.9642999768257141,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.021800000220537186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12321","display_name":"Insect Pheromone Research and Control","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.7215999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.5622000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-agriculture","display_name":"Precision agriculture","score":0.4982999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pesticide-application","display_name":"Pesticide application","score":0.4846999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.412200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agriculture","display_name":"Agriculture","score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-algorithm","display_name":"Hybrid algorithm (constraint satisfaction)","score":0.3109999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.7215999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.5622000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120217122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740083","display_name":"Precision agriculture","level":3,"score":0.4982999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4925999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778226232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1380756","display_name":"Pesticide application","level":3,"score":0.4846999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.4742000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44999998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.412200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3125999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62469222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092103","display_name":"Hybrid algorithm (constraint satisfaction)","level":5,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161176658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131656","display_name":"Pesticide","level":2,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167123822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automatic control","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47116090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716829","display_name":"PID controller","level":3,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47136581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000047","display_name":"Agricultural machinery","level":3,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3651738","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3651738","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3126307664","https://openalex.org/W3170352008","https://openalex.org/W3175279049","https://openalex.org/W3205732649","https://openalex.org/W4315490056","https://openalex.org/W4317608819","https://openalex.org/W4385710019","https://openalex.org/W4385831313","https://openalex.org/W4385840711","https://openalex.org/W4386763395","https://openalex.org/W4388072795","https://openalex.org/W4388579564","https://openalex.org/W4390011446","https://openalex.org/W4392917676","https://openalex.org/W4400359981","https://openalex.org/W4401283636","https://openalex.org/W4403087769","https://openalex.org/W4403348969","https://openalex.org/W4406124613","https://openalex.org/W4406377658","https://openalex.org/W4406543234","https://openalex.org/W4408379035","https://openalex.org/W4410062619","https://openalex.org/W4410935163","https://openalex.org/W4412723170","https://openalex.org/W4413352810","https://openalex.org/W4415279862"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,7,45,60,67,73,89,96,120,146],"advancement":[2],"of":[3,76],"agricultural":[4],"automation":[5],"and":[6,21,47,54,93,104,126,132,144,159],"IoT,":[8],"drone-based":[9,62],"pesticide":[10,52,63,157],"spraying":[11,36,64,78,124,154],"has":[12],"become":[13],"a":[14],"crucial":[15],"method":[16,65],"for":[17,24],"improving":[18,156],"operational":[19],"efficiency":[20],"accuracy,":[22],"particularly":[23],"pest":[25],"control":[26,69,91],"in":[27,79,107,113,152],"tall":[28],"crops":[29],"such":[30],"as":[31],"durian":[32,80],"orchards.":[33,81],"Traditional":[34],"manual":[35],"often":[37],"struggles":[38],"with":[39,88],"achieving":[40],"uniform":[41],"coverage":[42],"due":[43],"to":[44,51,71,136],"high":[46,111],"dense":[48],"canopies,":[49],"leading":[50],"waste":[53],"environmental":[55,161],"pollution.":[56,162],"This":[57],"study":[58],"proposes":[59],"IoT":[61,94],"using":[66],"IM-PID":[68,97,121,147],"algorithm":[70,92,98,122,148],"address":[72],"common":[74],"issue":[75],"uneven":[77],"By":[82],"combining":[83],"particle":[84],"swarm":[85],"optimization":[86],"(PSO)":[87],"PID":[90],"sensors,":[95],"can":[99],"adjust":[100],"spray":[101],"flow":[102],"rate":[103],"droplet":[105],"distribution":[106],"real":[108],"time,":[109],"maintaining":[110],"accuracy":[112,127],"complex":[114],"environments.":[115],"Experimental":[116],"results":[117],"show":[118],"that":[119],"improves":[123],"uniformity":[125],"across":[128],"various":[129],"flight":[130],"strategies":[131],"canopy":[133],"levels.":[134],"Compared":[135],"other":[137],"commonly":[138],"used":[139],"algorithms":[140],"like":[141],"FZ-PID,":[142],"GC-PID":[143],"RL-PID,":[145],"offers":[149],"significant":[150],"advantages":[151],"reducing":[153],"deviation,":[155],"utilization":[158],"minimizing":[160]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}