{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117308441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3648781","title":"Joint Optimization of Task Offloading and Resource Allocation in Smart Factories via Cascaded Dual-Branch Network-Based Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach","display_name":"Joint Optimization of Task Offloading and Resource Allocation in Smart Factories via Cascaded Dual-Branch Network-Based Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117308441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3648781"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3648781","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3648781","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121334420","display_name":"Qingqing Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qingqing Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Industrial Internet of Things and Networked Control, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8298-5418","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Industrial Internet of Things and Networked Control, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121331550","display_name":"Songsong Mu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Songsong Mu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Industrial Internet of Things and Networked Control, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0225-5456","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Industrial Internet of Things and Networked Control, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121353582","display_name":"Yan Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Industrial Internet of Things and Networked Control, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7799-2659","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Industrial Internet of Things and Networked Control, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121310434","display_name":"Wendi Nie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wendi Nie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Industrial Internet of Things and Networked Control, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7513-8827","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Industrial Internet of Things and Networked Control, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121327718","display_name":"Yan Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Industrial Internet of Things and Networked Control, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6242-4162","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Industrial Internet of Things and Networked Control, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121358466","display_name":"Min Wei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Industrial Internet of Things and Networked Control, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-3946","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Industrial Internet of Things and Networked Control, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5121334420"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3019,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87585558,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"6","first_page":"11287","last_page":"11300"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9520000219345093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9520000219345093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.006000000052154064,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14347","display_name":"Big Data and Digital Economy","score":0.00570000009611249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nondeterministic-algorithm","display_name":"Nondeterministic algorithm","score":0.590399980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.5771999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-management","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","score":0.5203999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.49239999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-analysis","display_name":"Task analysis","score":0.3926999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.3634999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.36010000109672546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8806999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176181172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3490301","display_name":"Nondeterministic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.590399980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.5771999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5203999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.49239999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4763999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.45089998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3926999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.3634999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.36010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3538999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.3357999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72434380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230930","display_name":"State space","level":2,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357554","display_name":"Load management","level":2,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3648781","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3648781","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1735162872","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024YFF0617200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3964054903","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CSTB2025TIAD-STX0028","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966769064","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2746553466","https://openalex.org/W2808449107","https://openalex.org/W2968424451","https://openalex.org/W3035007032","https://openalex.org/W3037157458","https://openalex.org/W3085846297","https://openalex.org/W3127177591","https://openalex.org/W3135506433","https://openalex.org/W3186739297","https://openalex.org/W3209940515","https://openalex.org/W4225531527","https://openalex.org/W4226200846","https://openalex.org/W4313886683","https://openalex.org/W4320005495","https://openalex.org/W4384916947","https://openalex.org/W4387757632","https://openalex.org/W4387917799","https://openalex.org/W4389610225","https://openalex.org/W4389915505","https://openalex.org/W4391019922","https://openalex.org/W4391467979","https://openalex.org/W4391710887","https://openalex.org/W4391935850","https://openalex.org/W4392940498","https://openalex.org/W4394967009","https://openalex.org/W4396560044","https://openalex.org/W4396604759","https://openalex.org/W4399665748","https://openalex.org/W4401387708","https://openalex.org/W4401409230","https://openalex.org/W4401607831","https://openalex.org/W4402039810","https://openalex.org/W4402301214","https://openalex.org/W4402509032","https://openalex.org/W4402896516","https://openalex.org/W4403390446","https://openalex.org/W4403675863","https://openalex.org/W4405755397","https://openalex.org/W4406074148","https://openalex.org/W4407835787","https://openalex.org/W4408725847","https://openalex.org/W4411688347","https://openalex.org/W4412434823"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multi-access":[0],"Edge":[1],"Computing":[2],"(MEC)":[3],"is":[4,75,87,102,140],"pivotal":[5],"for":[6,89,167,172],"smart":[7],"factories,":[8],"yet":[9],"a":[10,66,78,105,122],"significant":[11],"challenge":[12],"remains":[13],"in":[14,55,181],"efficiently":[15],"offloading":[16,58,119,179],"heterogeneous":[17],"tasks,":[18],"which":[19],"requires":[20],"balancing":[21],"deterministic":[22,168],"tasks":[23,30,169,174],"with":[24],"strict":[25],"time":[26],"windows":[27],"and":[28,38,59,84,145,170,187],"nondeterministic":[29,173],"that":[31,81,155],"demand":[32],"minimized":[33],"latency.":[34],"Traditional":[35],"optimization":[36],"methods":[37],"standard":[39],"Deep":[40,70,114],"Reinforcement":[41,71],"Learning":[42,72],"(DRL)":[43],"algorithms":[44],"often":[45],"struggle":[46],"to":[47,142],"address":[48,63],"the":[49,90,98,134,147,156],"inherent":[50],"hybrid":[51,148],"discrete-continuous":[52,149],"action":[53,150],"space":[54],"joint":[56],"task":[57],"resource":[60,130],"allocation.":[61],"To":[62],"this":[64],"challenge,":[65],"Cascaded":[67],"Dual-Branch":[68],"Network-based":[69],"(CDBN-DRL)":[73],"method":[74,158],"proposed.":[76],"First,":[77],"dual-branch":[79],"network":[80,127],"combines":[82],"convolutional":[83],"self-attention":[85],"mechanisms":[86],"constructed":[88],"robust":[91],"extraction":[92],"of":[93,165,183],"environmental":[94],"state":[95],"features.":[96],"Then,":[97],"extracted":[99],"feature":[100],"vector":[101],"fed":[103],"into":[104],"cascaded":[106,138],"two-layer":[107],"DRL":[108],"architecture,":[109],"where":[110],"an":[111],"upper-layer":[112,135],"Double":[113],"Q-Network":[115],"(DDQN)":[116],"handles":[117],"discrete":[118],"decisions,":[120],"while":[121,175],"lower-layer":[123],"Soft":[124],"Actor-Critic":[125],"(SAC)":[126],"manages":[128],"continuous":[129],"allocation":[131],"based":[132],"on":[133],"decisions.":[136],"This":[137],"structure":[139],"designed":[141],"effectively":[143],"manage":[144],"co-optimize":[146],"space.":[151],"Experimental":[152],"results":[153],"indicate":[154],"CDBN-DRL":[157],"achieves":[159],"notable":[160],"performance,":[161],"achieving":[162],"completion":[163],"rates":[164],"99.4%":[166],"98.3%":[171],"outperforming":[176],"existing":[177],"state-of-the-art":[178],"schemes":[180],"terms":[182],"latency,":[184],"power":[185],"consumption,":[186],"generalization":[188],"capability.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-12-26T00:00:00"}