{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117150855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3648173","title":"Tree-Shaped Recursive Network: Rethinking Directional Features in Lightweight Single Image Super Resolution","display_name":"Tree-Shaped Recursive Network: Rethinking Directional Features in Lightweight Single Image Super Resolution","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117150855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3648173"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3648173","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3648173","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121155030","display_name":"He Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"He Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119569752","display_name":"Fudi Yi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fudi Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100421984","display_name":"Rui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9804-4180"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102503008","display_name":"Mujtaba Asad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mujtaba Asad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation, Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation, Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089191258","display_name":"Yan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5188-6695"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peijie Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121177176","display_name":"Ting Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ting Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091399196","display_name":"Deqiang CHENG","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deqiang Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5121155030"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6388407,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"7","first_page":"14051","last_page":"14066"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9265999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9265999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.045099999755620956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.010300000198185444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.6632999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.6168000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4722000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-tree","display_name":"Binary tree","score":0.4560999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.453900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.4323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.429500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.4047999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.3824999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.852400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.6632999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6168000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5485000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.48190000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4722000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197855036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380172","display_name":"Binary tree","level":2,"score":0.4560999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.453900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.4323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.429500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.4047999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.3824999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.38040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3711000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.36410000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69744172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860822","display_name":"Image fusion","level":3,"score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163797641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2067937","display_name":"Tree structure","level":3,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993807640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103709453","display_name":"Attention network","level":2,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141239990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q957423","display_name":"Superresolution","level":3,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151416825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934791","display_name":"Quadtree","level":2,"score":0.2538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141379421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6094427","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.25099998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13670688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3500548","display_name":"Space partitioning","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3648173","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3648173","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6882943511009216,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W54257720","https://openalex.org/W1791560514","https://openalex.org/W1930824406","https://openalex.org/W2047920195","https://openalex.org/W2121927366","https://openalex.org/W2242218935","https://openalex.org/W2476548250","https://openalex.org/W2747898905","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2795024892","https://openalex.org/W2963091558","https://openalex.org/W2963372104","https://openalex.org/W2964101377","https://openalex.org/W2976718572","https://openalex.org/W3034247386","https://openalex.org/W3085848841","https://openalex.org/W3103564114","https://openalex.org/W3112326203","https://openalex.org/W3133531783","https://openalex.org/W3135592580","https://openalex.org/W3149210910","https://openalex.org/W3170026688","https://openalex.org/W3171125843","https://openalex.org/W3174531399","https://openalex.org/W3177052299","https://openalex.org/W3207918547","https://openalex.org/W4221153217","https://openalex.org/W4225576932","https://openalex.org/W4281702153","https://openalex.org/W4287020683","https://openalex.org/W4289639899","https://openalex.org/W4289752563","https://openalex.org/W4295136549","https://openalex.org/W4320901940","https://openalex.org/W4366378540","https://openalex.org/W4367146812","https://openalex.org/W4367721896","https://openalex.org/W4385815543","https://openalex.org/W4386076602","https://openalex.org/W4389265494","https://openalex.org/W4390575607","https://openalex.org/W4392251738","https://openalex.org/W4393119650","https://openalex.org/W4393148205","https://openalex.org/W4400955477","https://openalex.org/W4402952320","https://openalex.org/W4407937620","https://openalex.org/W4408405322","https://openalex.org/W4415796660"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Single":[0],"Image":[1],"Super":[2],"Resolution":[3],"(SISR)":[4],"is":[5,84,105,134,165],"a":[6,55,64,68,79,100,123],"post-processing":[7],"technology":[8],"for":[9,60],"Internet":[10],"of":[11,51,97,147,163,171],"Things":[12],"(IoT)":[13],"devices":[14],"that":[15,62,128,140,170],"reduces":[16],"bandwidth":[17],"usage":[18],"and":[19,67,90,110,131,153,180],"improves":[20],"communication":[21],"efficiency.":[22],"While":[23],"most":[24],"SISR":[25,61],"models":[26,144],"perform":[27],"similarly":[28],"on":[29,156],"images":[30],"with":[31],"simple":[32],"textures,":[33,43],"their":[34],"differences":[35],"become":[36],"more":[37],"pronounced":[38],"when":[39],"handling":[40],"complex":[41],"directional":[42,76,111,124],"which":[44,176],"are":[45],"challenging":[46],"to":[47,73,86,107,113],"reconstruct.":[48],"In":[49],"view":[50],"this,":[52],"we":[53],"propose":[54],"Tree":[56],"Recursive":[57],"Network":[58],"(TRN)":[59],"utilizes":[63],"tree-shaped":[65],"topology":[66],"non-local":[69,101,109],"coordinate":[70,102],"attention":[71,89,103,125,130],"mechanism":[72,104],"capture":[74,115],"global":[75,116],"textures.":[77],"First,":[78],"binary":[80],"tree":[81],"residual":[82,91,132],"block":[83],"introduced":[85],"preserve":[87],"the":[88,95,157,161,172],"features":[92,112,133],"without":[93],"increasing":[94],"number":[96],"parameters.":[98],"Second,":[99],"applied":[106],"integrate":[108],"effectively":[114],"information":[117],"while":[118],"reducing":[119],"computational":[120],"complexity.":[121],"Third,":[122],"fusion":[126],"technique":[127],"integrates":[129],"presented.":[135],"Extensive":[136],"experimental":[137],"results":[138],"show":[139],"TRN":[141,164],"outperforms":[142],"other":[143],"in":[145],"terms":[146],"evaluation":[148],"metrics":[149],"such":[150],"as":[151],"PSNR":[152,162],"SSIM.":[154],"Notably,":[155],"\u00d72":[158],"Urban100":[159],"dataset,":[160],"0.24":[166],"dB":[167],"higher":[168],"than":[169],"popular":[173],"model":[174],"CFIN,":[175],"highlights":[177],"its":[178],"potential":[179],"usefulness.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-12-24T00:00:00"}