{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117140332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3647836","title":"MCDI-net: A Deep Learning Model for Pilot Spoofing Detection and Identification in Massive MIMO Networks","display_name":"MCDI-net: A Deep Learning Model for Pilot Spoofing Detection and Identification in Massive MIMO Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117140332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3647836"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3647836","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3647836","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016034780","display_name":"S. Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shiguo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121170945","display_name":"Yuemei Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56934997","display_name":"Changsha University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03yph8055","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuemei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121224048","display_name":"Xiukai Ruan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146620803","display_name":"Wenzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hxh324","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146620803"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiukai Ruan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Intelligent Locks and the College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligent Locks and the College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146620803"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032614169","display_name":"Qingyong Deng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29739308","display_name":"Guangxi Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02frt9q65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingyong Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering/School of Software, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering/School of Software, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29739308"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016034780"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56934997"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81642139,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"7","first_page":"14151","last_page":"14159"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.7060999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.7060999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.1704999953508377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.0348999984562397,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.7620999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5056999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.49219998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4846000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.4690999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.40470001101493835}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8503000140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.7620999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5756999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5056999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.49219998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4846000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.4690999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.40470001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.3935000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3846000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3788999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.3659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3587999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160562895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239557","display_name":"Precoding","level":4,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.2996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.2992999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.29350000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111814575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550893","display_name":"IP address spoofing","level":5,"score":0.25519999861717224}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3647836","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3647836","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Massive":[0],"multiple-input":[1],"multiple-output":[2],"(MIMO)":[3],"architecture":[4],"is":[5,93],"promising":[6],"to":[7,15,44,79,95,118,151,166,181],"be":[8],"adopted":[9],"in":[10,69,175],"the":[11,17,31,51,57,75,80,101,120,148,157,168,172,182],"5G/6G":[12],"communication":[13],"systems":[14,40],"combat":[16],"severe":[18],"attenuation":[19],"of":[20,50,53,171],"millimeter-wave":[21],"and":[22,28,33,56,89,99,131,138,155,177],"terahertz":[23],"bands":[24],"by":[25],"implementing":[26],"precoding":[27],"combining":[29],"at":[30],"transmitter":[32],"receiver":[34],"jointly.":[35],"Nevertheless,":[36],"such":[37],"massive":[38],"MIMO-based":[39],"are":[41,128,164],"highly":[42],"susceptible":[43],"pilot":[45,59,136,153],"spoofing":[46,97,154],"attacks":[47],"(PSAs)":[48],"because":[49],"openness":[52],"wireless":[54],"channel":[55],"public":[58],"sequences.":[60],"These":[61],"PSAs":[62],"will":[63],"not":[64],"only":[65],"render":[66],"significant":[67],"decrease":[68],"system":[70],"capacity,":[71],"but":[72],"also":[73],"make":[74],"transmitted":[76],"information":[77],"leak":[78],"attackers.":[81],"In":[82],"this":[83],"paper,":[84],"a":[85,108],"novel":[86],"multi-cue":[87,143],"detection":[88,98,176],"identification":[90,178],"network":[91,112],"(MCDI-net)":[92],"proposed":[94],"conduct":[96],"identify":[100,156],"attacked":[102,158],"user":[103,160],"simultaneously.":[104],"The":[105],"MCDI-net":[106,173],"integrates":[107],"dual-branch":[109],"convolutional":[110],"neural":[111],"with":[113],"squeeze-and-excitation":[114],"(SE)":[115],"attention":[116],"modules":[117],"extract":[119],"complementary":[121],"features":[122,133],"from":[123,135],"two":[124],"distinct":[125],"cues,":[126],"which":[127],"in-phase/quadrature":[129],"(I/Q)":[130],"statistical":[132],"derived":[134],"correlation":[137],"projected":[139],"average":[140],"power.":[141],"This":[142],"fusion":[144],"approach":[145],"can":[146],"enhance":[147],"network\u2019s":[149],"ability":[150],"detect":[152],"legitimate":[159],"accurately.":[161],"Numerical":[162],"results":[163],"presented":[165],"validate":[167],"superior":[169],"performance":[170],"framework":[174],"accuracy":[179],"compared":[180],"existing":[183],"ones.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-26T06:05:38.182114","created_date":"2025-12-24T00:00:00"}