{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417169483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3641979","title":"Effect of Phase Shift Errors on the Security of UAV-Assisted STAR-RIS IoT Networks","display_name":"Effect of Phase Shift Errors on the Security of UAV-Assisted STAR-RIS IoT Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417169483","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3641979"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3641979","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3641979","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119713560","display_name":"Mustafa Gusaibat","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31439502","display_name":"University of Benghazi","ror":"https://ror.org/03fh7t044","country_code":"LY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31439502"]}],"countries":["LY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa Gusaibat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31439502"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119713561","display_name":"Mohammed Hnaish","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6183-9876"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31439502","display_name":"University of Benghazi","ror":"https://ror.org/03fh7t044","country_code":"LY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31439502"]}],"countries":["LY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Hnaish","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31439502"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086266963","display_name":"Abdelhamid Salem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7395-900X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31439502","display_name":"University of Benghazi","ror":"https://ror.org/03fh7t044","country_code":"LY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31439502"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB","LY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelhamid Salem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31439502"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030692615","display_name":"Khaled M. Rabie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled M. Rabie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063911030","display_name":"Zubair Md. Fadlullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4785-2425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zubair Md Fadlullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, ON, Canada","Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101966424","display_name":"Wali Ullah Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1485-5141"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wali Ullah Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability, and Trust, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Security, Reliability, and Trust, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084826141","display_name":"Mohamad A. Alawad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2661-7108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I240666556","display_name":"Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxjyb39","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamad A. Alawad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005405031","display_name":"Yazeed Alkhrijah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7352-003X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I240666556","display_name":"Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxjyb39","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yazeed Alkhrijah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5119713560"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31439502"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39696905,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"5","first_page":"8725","last_page":"8734"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9645000100135803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9645000100135803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.022700000554323196,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.003000000026077032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secrecy","display_name":"Secrecy","score":0.6528000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imperfect","display_name":"Imperfect","score":0.4738999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.3946000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.3792000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.37299999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.35989999771118164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8126999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776452267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503443","display_name":"Secrecy","level":2,"score":0.6528000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780310539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12547192","display_name":"Imperfect","level":2,"score":0.4738999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.3946000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.3792000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.37299999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3612000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.35989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.3474000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.3165999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510870077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444868","display_name":"Secure communication","level":3,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.2718000113964081}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3641979","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3641979","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990208398","https://openalex.org/W2010961394","https://openalex.org/W2098855626","https://openalex.org/W2904947504","https://openalex.org/W2969424089","https://openalex.org/W3039402952","https://openalex.org/W3091866666","https://openalex.org/W3135998278","https://openalex.org/W3190886403","https://openalex.org/W3201693840","https://openalex.org/W3204184545","https://openalex.org/W3205217150","https://openalex.org/W3210073225","https://openalex.org/W4221147571","https://openalex.org/W4287887619","https://openalex.org/W4292261935","https://openalex.org/W4312227560","https://openalex.org/W4313067094","https://openalex.org/W4319068747","https://openalex.org/W4361804077","https://openalex.org/W4387319289","https://openalex.org/W4388262999","https://openalex.org/W4389776304","https://openalex.org/W4392693812","https://openalex.org/W4401541195","https://openalex.org/W4402509689","https://openalex.org/W4402673503"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unmanned":[0],"aerial":[1],"vehicles":[2],"(UAV)-mounted":[3],"simultaneous":[4],"transmitting":[5],"and":[6,17,32,43,158],"reflecting":[7],"reconfigurable":[8],"intelligent":[9],"surface":[10],"(STAR-RIS)":[11],"systems":[12],"can":[13],"provide":[14],"full-dimensional":[15],"coverage":[16],"flexible":[18],"deployment":[19],"opportunities":[20],"in":[21,99],"future":[22],"6G-enabled":[23],"IoT":[24,67,82,202],"networks.":[25,203],"However,":[26],"practical":[27,194],"imperfections":[28],"such":[29],"as":[30,104],"jittering":[31],"airflow":[33],"of":[34,41,56,64,94,179,196],"UAV":[35,154],"could":[36],"affect":[37],"the":[38,54,61,95,109,112,130,145,153,174,193],"phase":[39,57,117,136,180],"shift":[40,58],"STAR-RIS,":[42],"consequently":[44],"degrade":[45],"network":[46],"security.":[47],"In":[48],"this":[49,51],"respect,":[50],"paper":[52],"investigates":[53],"impact":[55,178],"errors":[59,119,182],"on":[60,91,111,183],"secrecy":[62,132,148,185],"performance":[63,186],"UAV-mounted":[65,74],"STAR-RIS-assisted":[66,75],"systems.":[68],"More":[69],"specifically,":[70],"we":[71],"consider":[72],"a":[73,121,163],"non-orthogonal":[76],"multiple":[77],"access":[78],"(NOMA)":[79],"system":[80],"where":[81],"devices":[83],"are":[84,102,138,170],"grouped":[85],"into":[86],"two":[87],"groups:":[88],"one":[89],"group":[90,101],"each":[92,100],"side":[93],"STAR-RIS.":[96],"The":[97,177],"nodes":[98,107],"considered":[103],"potential":[105],"Malicious":[106],"for":[108,129,192,199],"ones":[110],"other":[113],"side.":[114],"By":[115],"modeling":[116],"estimation":[118,181],"using":[120,162],"von":[122],"Mises":[123],"distribution,":[124],"an":[125],"analytical":[126,175],"closed-form":[127],"expressions":[128],"ergodic":[131],"rates":[133],"under":[134],"imperfect":[135],"adjustment":[137],"derived.":[139],"An":[140],"optimization":[141],"problem":[142],"to":[143,172],"maximize":[144],"weighted":[146],"sum":[147],"rate":[149],"(WSSR)":[150],"by":[151],"optimizing":[152],"placement":[155],"is":[156,159,187],"formulated":[157],"then":[160],"solved":[161],"linear":[164],"grid-based":[165],"algorithm.":[166],"Monte":[167],"Carlo":[168],"simulations":[169],"provided":[171],"validate":[173],"derivations.":[176],"system\u2019s":[184],"analyzed,":[188],"providing":[189],"critical":[190],"insights":[191],"realisation":[195],"STAR-RIS":[197],"deployments":[198],"secure":[200],"UAV-enabled":[201]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-12-09T00:00:00"}