{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7108598167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3640768","title":"Transformer-Based Sensor Signal Inversion for Tree Hollow Detection in IoT Systems","display_name":"Transformer-Based Sensor Signal Inversion for Tree Hollow Detection in IoT Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7108598167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3640768"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3640768","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3640768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zijia Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6841-2275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1284762954","display_name":"Zhejiang A & F University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vj4rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zijia Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&#x0026;F University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6841-2275","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&#x0026;F University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xingyi Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingyi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiaochen Du","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1284762954","display_name":"Zhejiang A & F University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vj4rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaochen Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&#x0026;F University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&#x0026;F University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lijian Yao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1284762954","display_name":"Zhejiang A & F University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vj4rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lijian Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Optical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang A&#x0026;F University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Optical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang A&#x0026;F University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kai Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3386-4256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1284762954","display_name":"Zhejiang A & F University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vj4rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&#x0026;F University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3386-4256","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&#x0026;F University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hailin Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2734-480X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1284762954","display_name":"Zhejiang A & F University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vj4rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hailin Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&#x0026;F University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2734-480X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Zhejiang A&#x0026;F University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1284762954"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1717-5785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I49835588","display_name":"Macao Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sf5td35","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49835588"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Centre of Applied Technology on Machine Translation and Artificial Intelligence, Macao Polytechnic University, Macau, SAR, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1717-5785","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Centre of Applied Technology on Machine Translation and Artificial Intelligence, Macao Polytechnic University, Macau, SAR, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I49835588"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45790563,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"5","first_page":"8521","last_page":"8533"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.43470001220703125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.43470001220703125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10484","display_name":"Wood Treatment and Properties","score":0.27300000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13568","display_name":"Wood and Agarwood Research","score":0.042100001126527786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1605","display_name":"Organic Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.6247000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.5205000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4697999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.4652999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detection-theory","display_name":"Detection theory","score":0.4050999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.3856000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-structure","display_name":"Tree structure","score":0.37380000948905945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.765500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.6247000098228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.5205000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4697999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.4652999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4447999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137270730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120811","display_name":"Detection theory","level":3,"score":0.4050999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3995000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3937999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.3856000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163797641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2067937","display_name":"Tree structure","level":3,"score":0.37380000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3467999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3172999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1893757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3653001","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","level":3,"score":0.31279999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163985040","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172399","display_name":"Data acquisition","level":2,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.25589999556541443}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3640768","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3640768","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.7068304419517517,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7946393838","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"32471860","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2318312379","https://openalex.org/W2789610106","https://openalex.org/W2979332916","https://openalex.org/W3025588465","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3093025045","https://openalex.org/W3094330920","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3119624950","https://openalex.org/W3130508195","https://openalex.org/W3134331350","https://openalex.org/W3138954570","https://openalex.org/W3157525179","https://openalex.org/W3158658015","https://openalex.org/W3178587670","https://openalex.org/W3212604410","https://openalex.org/W4200489343","https://openalex.org/W4205825164","https://openalex.org/W4221074024","https://openalex.org/W4225874584","https://openalex.org/W4283780190","https://openalex.org/W4302275239","https://openalex.org/W4312278672","https://openalex.org/W4312795736","https://openalex.org/W4319068900","https://openalex.org/W4320901940","https://openalex.org/W4372347372","https://openalex.org/W4389665201","https://openalex.org/W4392024455","https://openalex.org/W4400235880","https://openalex.org/W4400275850","https://openalex.org/W4402301249","https://openalex.org/W4404294084","https://openalex.org/W4404392821","https://openalex.org/W4405521051","https://openalex.org/W4406682159","https://openalex.org/W4406829058","https://openalex.org/W4406981313","https://openalex.org/W4407638275","https://openalex.org/W4410533917","https://openalex.org/W4412447220","https://openalex.org/W4413362595","https://openalex.org/W4413738948","https://openalex.org/W4413981973","https://openalex.org/W7081978717"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Implementing":[0],"internal":[1,65,97,107,199],"tree":[2,98,108,200],"hollow":[3,66,75,109],"detection":[4,81,120],"using":[5],"IoT":[6],"technology":[7],"is":[8,135],"a":[9,69,93,102,122,126],"crucial":[10],"method":[11],"for":[12,23,80,95,106],"forestry":[13],"conservation.":[14],"Current":[15],"methodologies":[16],"primarily":[17],"rely":[18],"on":[19],"stress":[20,117],"wave":[21,42,118],"sensors":[22,35],"such":[24],"inspections.":[25],"However,":[26],"the":[27,56,85,88,138,143,147,154,167,173,187,196,210,214,229],"inherently":[28],"low":[29],"signal":[30,52,119,123,139,162],"acquisition":[31],"density":[32],"of":[33,58,71,169,198],"these":[34],"leads":[36],"to":[37,63,185,228],"significant":[38],"discrepancies":[39],"between":[40],"reconstructed":[41],"velocity":[43],"tomography":[44],"and":[45,77,100,125,164,180,223,235],"conventional":[46],"optical":[47],"imaging":[48],"principles.":[49],"This":[50],"sparse":[51],"distribution":[53],"severely":[54],"limits":[55],"ability":[57],"existing":[59,190,208],"image":[60],"processing":[61],"algorithms":[62],"resolve":[64],"features,":[67,163],"creating":[68],"bottleneck":[70],"insufficient":[72],"precision":[73,217],"in":[74,132,137,146,193],"localization":[76],"dimensional":[78],"estimation":[79],"systems.":[82],"To":[83],"address":[84,186],"aforementioned":[86],"problems,":[87],"research":[89],"team":[90],"independently":[91],"developed":[92],"sensor":[94,112],"detecting":[96],"defects":[99],"proposed":[101,130],"transformer-based":[103],"model":[104,131,155,174,212],"(RCE-DETR)":[105],"detection.":[110,171],"The":[111,129],"comprises":[113],"three":[114],"core":[115],"modules:":[116],"probes,":[121],"processor,":[124],"display":[127],"module.":[128],"this":[133],"study":[134],"deployed":[136],"processor.":[140],"By":[141],"replacing":[142],"original":[144],"convolution":[145],"transformer":[148],"framework":[149],"with":[150,207],"receptive-field":[151],"attention":[152],"convolution,":[153],"retains":[156],"important":[157],"feature":[158],"information,":[159],"effectively":[160],"fuses":[161],"further":[165],"improves":[166],"accuracy":[168],"defect":[170],"Additionally,":[172],"incorporates":[175],"Cascaded":[176],"Group":[177],"Attention":[178,183],"(CGA)":[179],"Efficient":[181],"Multi-scale":[182],"(EMA)":[184],"difficulty":[188],"that":[189,205],"methods":[191],"have":[192],"precisely":[194],"determining":[195],"size":[197],"defects.":[201],"Experimental":[202],"results":[203],"demonstrate":[204],"compared":[206,227],"models,":[209],"RCE-DETR":[211],"increases":[213],"mean":[215],"average":[216],"(mAP)":[218],"by":[219],"10.5%,":[220],"10.9%,":[221],"5.2%,":[222],"6.3%":[224],"respectively,":[225],"when":[226],"commonly":[230],"used":[231],"YOLOv11,":[232],"YOLOv8,":[233],"EfficientDet,":[234],"CenterNet++":[236],"models.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-12-05T00:00:00"}
