{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416965764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3640081","title":"HNGC: Hierarchical Network Graph Clustering Scheme to Improve V2V Multihop Routing in Urban mmWave IoV","display_name":"HNGC: Hierarchical Network Graph Clustering Scheme to Improve V2V Multihop Routing in Urban mmWave IoV","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416965764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3640081"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3640081","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3640081","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002446501","display_name":"Daqian Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6068-385X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1456306","display_name":"North China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01nky7652","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daqian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036295059","display_name":"Xiaoning Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3307-7760"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1456306","display_name":"North China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01nky7652","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyong Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062042272","display_name":"Yuntao Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2785-5215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1456306","display_name":"North China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01nky7652","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuntao Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074199045","display_name":"Zhenwu Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2895-8002"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1456306","display_name":"North China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01nky7652","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenwu Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002446501"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.37552466,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"7272","last_page":"7287"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.8363999724388123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.8363999724388123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.08669999986886978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.009800000116229057,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-routing","display_name":"Hierarchical routing","score":0.6565999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6053000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-routing","display_name":"Static routing","score":0.491100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-clustering","display_name":"Hierarchical clustering","score":0.47350001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.4675999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographic-routing","display_name":"Geographic routing","score":0.43549999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-source-routing","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","score":0.4253999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/link-state-routing-protocol","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","score":0.423799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-routing","display_name":"Multipath routing","score":0.4156000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dijkstras-algorithm","display_name":"Dijkstra's algorithm","score":0.4083000123500824}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8277000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177818476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12878103","display_name":"Hierarchical routing","level":5,"score":0.6565999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6053000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5468000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204948658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1119410","display_name":"Static routing","level":4,"score":0.491100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92835128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1277447","display_name":"Hierarchical clustering","level":3,"score":0.47350001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.4675999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50558702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5535067","display_name":"Geographic routing","level":5,"score":0.43549999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9659607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268903","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","level":4,"score":0.4253999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89305328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","level":4,"score":0.423799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76522221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5035396","display_name":"Multipath routing","level":5,"score":0.4156000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173870130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8548","display_name":"Dijkstra's algorithm","level":4,"score":0.4083000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.4047999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.39089998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29436982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3700557","display_name":"Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector routing","level":5,"score":0.3785000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184896649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290066","display_name":"Routing table","level":4,"score":0.3783000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3522999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196423136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7209671","display_name":"Policy-based routing","level":5,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110484373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264398","display_name":"Adjacency list","level":2,"score":0.31130000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138293262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1089578","display_name":"Linear network coding","level":3,"score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180356752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727035","display_name":"Adjacency matrix","level":3,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115443555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5367790","display_name":"Equal-cost multi-path routing","level":5,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64900535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5753111","display_name":"Hierarchical network model","level":3,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11704745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918337","display_name":"Unicast","level":3,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129045301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7144654","display_name":"Path length","level":2,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984173633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22725","display_name":"Routing algorithm","level":4,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3640081","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3640081","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3037900311","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62373066","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6082258366","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFC3304604","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8558632775","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4244089","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2101963262","https://openalex.org/W2491112519","https://openalex.org/W2903709398","https://openalex.org/W2911279221","https://openalex.org/W3011181383","https://openalex.org/W3015615481","https://openalex.org/W3023061921","https://openalex.org/W3036322372","https://openalex.org/W3083146160","https://openalex.org/W3093814136","https://openalex.org/W3099350657","https://openalex.org/W3126923446","https://openalex.org/W3128703869","https://openalex.org/W3135099491","https://openalex.org/W3149061824","https://openalex.org/W3159838919","https://openalex.org/W3202330278","https://openalex.org/W3211089035","https://openalex.org/W3212684647","https://openalex.org/W4285184341","https://openalex.org/W4285240194","https://openalex.org/W4295182980","https://openalex.org/W4295856532","https://openalex.org/W4296516129","https://openalex.org/W4309761648","https://openalex.org/W4311166816","https://openalex.org/W4312770795","https://openalex.org/W4317796262","https://openalex.org/W4376456920","https://openalex.org/W4381729908","https://openalex.org/W4384519242","https://openalex.org/W4386085832","https://openalex.org/W4386453447","https://openalex.org/W4387449317","https://openalex.org/W4389170080","https://openalex.org/W4390956135","https://openalex.org/W4391216152","https://openalex.org/W4392093389","https://openalex.org/W4392208039","https://openalex.org/W4392399567","https://openalex.org/W4392846542","https://openalex.org/W4393395096","https://openalex.org/W4396853089","https://openalex.org/W4399881233","https://openalex.org/W4399998401","https://openalex.org/W4400188238","https://openalex.org/W4400975264","https://openalex.org/W4401386707","https://openalex.org/W4401717678","https://openalex.org/W4402916011","https://openalex.org/W4404849329","https://openalex.org/W4405022705","https://openalex.org/W4405023060","https://openalex.org/W4405631949","https://openalex.org/W4406848676","https://openalex.org/W4408710402"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"highly":[1],"dynamic":[2],"Internet":[3],"of":[4,26,74,115,119],"Vehicles":[5],"(IoV),":[6],"hierarchical":[7,46,65,90],"routing":[8,33,60,84,91],"schemes":[9,34],"that":[10,125],"rely":[11],"on":[12,53],"intersections":[13],"and":[14,72,86,111,131,147],"roadside":[15],"units":[16],"(RSUs)":[17],"face":[18],"challenges":[19],"in":[20],"coping":[21],"with":[22],"the":[23,27,59,80,98,116,127,136,145,149,157],"limited":[24],"coverage":[25],"millimeter-wave":[28],"(mmWave)":[29],"communications,":[30],"while":[31],"non-hierarchical":[32],"incur":[35],"substantial":[36],"overhead.":[37],"To":[38],"address":[39],"this":[40,42],"issue,":[41],"paper":[43],"proposes":[44],"a":[45,89],"network":[47],"graph":[48],"clustering":[49,66,101],"(HNGC)":[50],"method":[51],"based":[52],"node":[54],"adjacency":[55],"similarity":[56],"to":[57,69,96,144,156],"reconstruct":[58],"search":[61,81],"space.":[62],"HNGC":[63,134],"establishes":[64],"directly":[67],"according":[68],"vehicle":[70],"connectivity":[71,118],"independent":[73],"any":[75],"fixed":[76],"infrastructure,":[77],"which":[78,103],"reduces":[79],"space":[82],"for":[83],"computation":[85,110,129,151],"prediction.":[87],"Furthermore,":[88],"decision":[92],"framework":[93],"is":[94],"designed":[95],"support":[97],"proposed":[99],"adaptive":[100],"method,":[102],"filters":[104],"out":[105],"unreachable":[106],"nodes":[107],"before":[108],"path":[109],"enables":[112],"vehicle-side":[113],"evaluation":[114],"downstream":[117],"candidate":[120],"nodes.":[121],"Numerical":[122],"results":[123],"demonstrate":[124],"incorporating":[126],"PT-GROUT":[128],"module":[130],"Dijkstra":[132],"into":[133],"improves":[135],"average":[137,150],"packet":[138],"delivery":[139],"rate":[140],"by":[141,153],"4.9%":[142],"relative":[143,155],"original,":[146],"decreases":[148],"time":[152],"54.1%":[154],"Dijkstra.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-12-03T00:00:00"}
