{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416965745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3640016","title":"Delay-Tolerant Networking to Extend Connectivity in Rural Areas Using Public Transport Systems: Design and Analysis","display_name":"Delay-Tolerant Networking to Extend Connectivity in Rural Areas Using Public Transport Systems: Design and Analysis","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416965745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3640016"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3640016","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3640016","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095739256","display_name":"Salah Abdeljabar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2780-248X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Salah Abdeljabar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070111950","display_name":"Marco Zennaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0578-0830"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12323705","display_name":"The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP)","ror":"https://ror.org/009gyvm78","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12323705","https://openalex.org/I1286959531","https://openalex.org/I1293226324","https://openalex.org/I2801247003"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Zennaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12323705"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083193286","display_name":"Mohamed\u2010Slim Alouini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4827-1793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed-Slim Alouini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5095739256"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4558,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88341165,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"7639","last_page":"7650"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.6227999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.6227999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.35440000891685486,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.0038999998942017555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-transport","display_name":"Public transport","score":0.6176999807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5692999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-divide","display_name":"Digital divide","score":0.5672000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5455999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5267999768257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.47540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metropolitan-area","display_name":"Metropolitan area","score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-access","display_name":"Internet access","score":0.42149999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7591999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539828613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178512","display_name":"Public transport","level":2,"score":0.6176999807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5692999958992004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173655357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244752","display_name":"Digital divide","level":3,"score":0.5672000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5455999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5267999768257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.47540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83849155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1472399","display_name":"Internet access","level":3,"score":0.42149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4147999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129047720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175185","display_name":"Rural area","level":2,"score":0.4052000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4036000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144543869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738570","display_name":"Mobile computing","level":2,"score":0.357699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.34529998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.34060001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.31949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.31349998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.3122999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181672929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115141","display_name":"Digital mapping","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86338984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79708","display_name":"General Packet Radio Service","level":3,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53264328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55320","display_name":"Delay-tolerant networking","level":5,"score":0.2606000006198883}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3640016","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3640016","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970668634","https://openalex.org/W1991115821","https://openalex.org/W2031318223","https://openalex.org/W2060615468","https://openalex.org/W2107903756","https://openalex.org/W2139773872","https://openalex.org/W2151342861","https://openalex.org/W2782074684","https://openalex.org/W2890950736","https://openalex.org/W2966507146","https://openalex.org/W2983901499","https://openalex.org/W2990407657","https://openalex.org/W3007193003","https://openalex.org/W3041261812","https://openalex.org/W3139266214","https://openalex.org/W4205452986","https://openalex.org/W4292264040","https://openalex.org/W4381895219","https://openalex.org/W4393866169","https://openalex.org/W4399459199","https://openalex.org/W4409641085"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"today\u2019s":[1],"digital":[2,13,144],"age,":[3],"access":[4],"to":[5,46,58,90,151],"the":[6,60,92,95,102,124,143],"Internet":[7],"is":[8,106],"essential,":[9],"yet":[10],"a":[11,26,55],"significant":[12],"divide":[14,145],"exists,":[15],"particularly":[16],"in":[17,49,62,117],"rural":[18],"areas":[19],"of":[20,87,94,129],"developing":[21],"nations.":[22],"This":[23],"paper":[24],"presents":[25],"Delay":[27],"Tolerant":[28],"Networking":[29],"(DTN)":[30],"framework":[31],"that":[32,135],"utilizes":[33],"informal":[34],"public":[35],"transportation":[36,138],"systems,":[37],"such":[38],"as":[39,42],"minibus":[40],"taxis,":[41],"mobile":[43],"data":[44,81],"mules":[45],"enhance":[47],"connectivity":[48,150],"these":[50],"underserved":[51],"regions.":[52],"We":[53],"develop":[54],"probabilistic":[56],"model":[57],"capture":[59],"randomness":[61],"vehicle":[63],"mobility,":[64],"including":[65,79],"travel":[66],"times":[67],"and":[68,84,108,120,127],"contact":[69],"durations":[70],"at":[71],"bus":[72],"stops.":[73],"Key":[74],"performance":[75],"metrics":[76],"are":[77],"analyzed,":[78],"average":[80],"transmission":[82],"rate":[83],"Peak":[85],"Age":[86],"Information":[88],"(PAoI),":[89],"assess":[91],"effectiveness":[93],"proposed":[96],"system.":[97],"An":[98],"analytical":[99],"approximation":[100],"for":[101],"Mean":[103],"PAoI":[104],"(MPAoI)":[105],"derived":[107],"validated":[109],"through":[110],"simulations.":[111],"Case":[112],"studies":[113],"from":[114],"real-world":[115],"datasets":[116],"Nouakchott,":[118],"Accra,":[119],"Addis":[121],"Ababa":[122],"demonstrate":[123],"practical":[125],"applicability":[126],"scalability":[128],"our":[130],"framework.":[131],"The":[132],"findings":[133],"indicate":[134],"leveraging":[136],"existing":[137],"networks":[139],"can":[140],"significantly":[141],"bridge":[142],"by":[146],"providing":[147],"reliable":[148],"internet-like":[149],"remote":[152],"areas.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-12-03T00:00:00"}
