{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7106608663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3637069","title":"Hierarchical Step Fusion and Adaptive Model Weighting for Short-Term Load Forecasting in IoT-Enabled Smart Buildings","display_name":"Hierarchical Step Fusion and Adaptive Model Weighting for Short-Term Load Forecasting in IoT-Enabled Smart Buildings","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7106608663","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3637069"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3637069","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3637069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jin-Xian Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-9256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154864474","display_name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q09pe49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jin-Xian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jenq-Shiou Leu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7197-9912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154864474","display_name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q09pe49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jenq-Shiou Leu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Stanislav Vitek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3185-1495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44504214","display_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","ror":"https://ror.org/03kqpb082","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stanislav Vitek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44504214"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55323522,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"6","first_page":"10593","last_page":"10596"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.8903999924659729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.8903999924659729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.02850000001490116,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.016699999570846558,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.817799985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.6980999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.45339998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.4471000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.42489999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.4081999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-system","display_name":"Adaptive system","score":0.40230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.3887999951839447}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.817799985408783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7452999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.6980999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.45339998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.4471000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4345000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.42489999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.4081999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52970973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2497134","display_name":"Adaptive system","level":2,"score":0.40230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.3887999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33469998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.33000001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.32089999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174303752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3624438","display_name":"Forecast error","level":2,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776003309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1988072","display_name":"Adaptive algorithm","level":2,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28761237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7805321","display_name":"Time horizon","level":2,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70136482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13583781","display_name":"A-weighting","level":3,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167085575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803654","display_name":"Mean squared prediction error","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167393769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680768","display_name":"Adaptive strategies","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102248274","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168388","display_name":"Adaptive filter","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3637069","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3637069","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3042795714","https://openalex.org/W4318141878","https://openalex.org/W4361026914","https://openalex.org/W4382203079","https://openalex.org/W4386276192","https://openalex.org/W4391020334","https://openalex.org/W4391848522","https://openalex.org/W4396941301","https://openalex.org/W4401247139","https://openalex.org/W4403722361","https://openalex.org/W4405975156","https://openalex.org/W4407937756","https://openalex.org/W4409217717","https://openalex.org/W4410274499"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"short-term":[1],"load":[2],"forecasting":[3,29],"(STLF)":[4],"is":[5],"essential":[6],"for":[7,80],"Internet":[8],"of":[9],"Things":[10],"(IoT)-enabled":[11],"smart":[12],"buildings.":[13],"This":[14],"paper":[15],"identifies":[16],"the":[17,24,65,77,81],"<italic":[18],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[19,85,95],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">global-error":[20],"coupling</i>":[21],"problem":[22],"in":[23],"conventional":[25],"multi-input":[26],"multi-output":[27],"(MIMO)":[28],"strategy,":[30],"which":[31],"limits":[32],"near-term":[33],"accuracy.":[34],"To":[35],"address":[36],"this":[37],"issue,":[38],"we":[39],"propose":[40],"Hierarchical":[41],"Step":[42],"Fusion":[43],"(HSF)":[44],"to":[45,54,101],"decouple":[46],"multi-horizon":[47],"optimization":[48],"and":[49,99,109],"Adaptive":[50],"Model":[51],"Weighting":[52],"(AMW)":[53],"combine":[55],"horizon-specific":[56],"models.":[57],"Experiments":[58],"on":[59],"real-world":[60],"building":[61],"data":[62],"show":[63],"that":[64],"proposed":[66],"framework":[67],"achieves":[68],"36%":[69],"lower":[70,103],"root":[71],"mean":[72],"square":[73],"error":[74],"(RMSE)":[75],"than":[76],"best":[78],"baseline":[79],"first-step":[82],"prediction":[83],"(<italic":[84,94],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">k</i>":[86],"=":[87,97],"1)":[88],"under":[89],"an":[90],"8-step":[91],"forecast":[92],"horizon":[93],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">H</i>":[96],"8)":[98],"up":[100],"20%":[102],"RMSE":[104],"overall,":[105],"enabling":[106],"more":[107],"accurate":[108],"sustainable":[110],"IoT-based":[111],"energy":[112],"management.":[113]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T07:00:12.390032","created_date":"2025-11-25T00:00:00"}