{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416429188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3635203","title":"An Extended Alamouti Code for Four-Antenna Backscatter Tags","display_name":"An Extended Alamouti Code for Four-Antenna Backscatter Tags","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416429188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3635203"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3635203","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3635203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102787569","display_name":"Huixu Luan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4129-0836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121799043","display_name":"Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/01p4b7n26","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121799043"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151178","display_name":"System Simulation (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/04gf6zh40","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151178"]}],"countries":["GB","VN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huixu Luan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control and Renewable Energy Technology, Ministry of Education, and the School of Electrical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, China","Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control and Renewable Energy Technology, Ministry of Education, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control and Renewable Energy Technology, Ministry of Education, and the School of Electrical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121799043"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control and Renewable Energy Technology, Ministry of Education, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151178"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031426033","display_name":"Miao Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8280-8681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121799043","display_name":"Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/01p4b7n26","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121799043"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151178","display_name":"System Simulation (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/04gf6zh40","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151178"]}],"countries":["GB","VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Murong Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control and Renewable Energy Technology, Ministry of Education, and the School of Electrical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, China","Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control and Renewable Energy Technology, Ministry of Education, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control and Renewable Energy Technology, Ministry of Education, and the School of Electrical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121799043"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control and Renewable Energy Technology, Ministry of Education, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151178"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007804427","display_name":"Jihong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3597-588X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121799043","display_name":"Electric Power University","ror":"https://ror.org/01p4b7n26","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121799043"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151178","display_name":"System Simulation (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/04gf6zh40","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151178"]}],"countries":["GB","VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jihong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control and Renewable Energy Technology, Ministry of Education, and the School of Electrical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, China","Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control and Renewable Energy Technology, Ministry of Education, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control and Renewable Energy Technology, Ministry of Education, and the School of Electrical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121799043"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control and Renewable Energy Technology, Ministry of Education, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151178"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076597960","display_name":"Chen He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4925-5947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37802460","display_name":"Northwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/00z3td547","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37802460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100349108","display_name":"Qianqian Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9198-2358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianqian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Wireless Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Wireless Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051587486","display_name":"Z. Jane Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3791-0249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Z. Jane Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102787569"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121799043","https://openalex.org/I4210151178"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34350028,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"5842","last_page":"5854"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backscatter","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","score":0.7856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space\u2013time-block-code","display_name":"Space\u2013time block code","score":0.7271000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5519000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-shift-keying","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.49970000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-code","display_name":"Block code","score":0.4893999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.47749999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity-gain","display_name":"Diversity gain","score":0.45019999146461487}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30354325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204667","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","level":3,"score":0.7856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7364000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83487572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371792","display_name":"Space\u2013time block code","level":4,"score":0.7271000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5519000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186378180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4874866","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","level":4,"score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5396999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.49970000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157125643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q884707","display_name":"Block code","level":3,"score":0.4893999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.47749999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4722000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164785522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283966","display_name":"Diversity gain","level":4,"score":0.45019999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67692717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187444","display_name":"Low-density parity-check code","level":3,"score":0.3984000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.3978999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.3901999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.37220001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.359499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.34700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.33809998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.337799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206468330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q834373","display_name":"Code rate","level":3,"score":0.33570000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.3059000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136817519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947493","display_name":"Diversity combining","level":4,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60069766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357054","display_name":"Antenna diversity","level":3,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76862118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1105671","display_name":"Coding gain","level":3,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.25380000472068787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3635203","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2025.3635203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2480266640","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","issn_l":"2327-4662","issn":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1093943651","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024NSFSC0471","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329861","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2286185617","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271392","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4260196618","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62201127","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7496795906","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62571100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329861","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1857173409","https://openalex.org/W1971054318","https://openalex.org/W1987380770","https://openalex.org/W1989734517","https://openalex.org/W2107080958","https://openalex.org/W2152474174","https://openalex.org/W2170596266","https://openalex.org/W2252313751","https://openalex.org/W2833339309","https://openalex.org/W2906219927","https://openalex.org/W2914962572","https://openalex.org/W2915879929","https://openalex.org/W2925262016","https://openalex.org/W3005599048","https://openalex.org/W3006791204","https://openalex.org/W3034636778","https://openalex.org/W3085912876","https://openalex.org/W3162871261","https://openalex.org/W3188784667","https://openalex.org/W4206654732","https://openalex.org/W4293100465","https://openalex.org/W4298395329","https://openalex.org/W4312768811","https://openalex.org/W4396701768","https://openalex.org/W4402916062","https://openalex.org/W4407393774","https://openalex.org/W4408092169"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Backscatter":[0],"communications,":[1],"an":[2,218],"emerging":[3],"low-cost":[4],"and":[5,17,236],"low-consumption":[6],"green":[7],"communication":[8],"paradigm,":[9],"has":[10,26,82],"received":[11],"significant":[12],"attention":[13],"in":[14,40,100,194,243],"both":[15],"industry":[16],"academia.":[18],"In":[19,103],"recent":[20],"years,":[21],"multiple-input":[22],"multiple-output":[23],"(MIMO)":[24],"technology":[25],"also":[27,159],"been":[28,83],"integrated":[29],"into":[30],"backscatter":[31,50,59,119,134,196],"communications":[32],"to":[33,45,62,85,176,229],"meet":[34],"the":[35,46,54,64,86,125,129,133,143,151,154,161,167,173,178,186,191,203,208,213,231,237,240],"requirements":[36],"of":[37,49,53,67,88,128,140,142,153,166,172,190,221,233,239],"transmission":[38,74],"performance":[39,211],"IoT":[41],"scenarios.":[42],"However,":[43],"due":[44],"hardware":[47],"limitations":[48],"tags,":[51],"one":[52],"main":[55],"challenges":[56],"for":[57,79,96,117],"multi-antenna":[58],"tags":[60,81,98],"is":[61,136,198],"reduce":[63],"circuit":[65],"complexity":[66,152],"space-time":[68],"block":[69],"codes":[70],"(STBC)":[71],"while":[72],"maintaining":[73],"performance.":[75],"Although":[76],"low-complexity":[77,94],"STBC":[78,95,146],"dual-antenna":[80],"explored,":[84],"best":[87],"our":[89,234],"knowledge,":[90],"research":[91],"on":[92,132],"high-performance,":[93],"four-antenna":[97],"remains":[99],"its":[101],"infancy.":[102],"this":[104],"paper,":[105],"we":[106,158],"propose":[107],"a":[108],"2\u00d74":[109],"extended":[110],"Alamouti":[111],"code":[112],"(EAC)":[113],"with":[114],"full-rate":[115],"capability":[116],"MIMO":[118],"communications.":[120],"The":[121,181],"results":[122,183],"show":[123,184],"that":[124,141,185,202],"required":[126],"impedance":[127],"proposed":[130,174,192,204,241],"EAC":[131,175,193,205,242],"tag":[135,155],"less":[137],"than":[138],"half":[139],"conventional":[144,214],"orthogonal":[145],"(OSTBC),":[147],"which":[148,200],"considerably":[149],"reduces":[150],"circuit.":[156],"Additionally,":[157],"derive":[160],"asymptotic":[162],"closed":[163],"form":[164],"expression":[165],"symbol":[168],"error":[169],"rate":[170],"(SER)":[171],"obtain":[177],"system":[179],"insights.":[180],"derivation":[182],"achievable":[187],"diversity":[188,210],"order":[189],"1\u00d74\u00d7N":[195],"channel":[197],"2\u00d7min(2,N),":[199],"indicates":[201],"can":[206],"achieve":[207],"same":[209],"as":[212],"OSTBC":[215],"by":[216],"setting":[217],"appropriate":[219],"number":[220],"receiver":[222],"antennas.":[223],"Finally,":[224],"numerical":[225],"simulations":[226],"are":[227],"performed":[228],"validate":[230],"accuracy":[232],"analysis":[235],"superiority":[238],"SER.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-11-20T00:00:00"}